Abstract:[Objectives] A behavioral ethogram is a comprehensive catalog that encompasses the behaviors of a specific species or group of animals under investigation. Each species exhibits a unique behavioral ethogram, which aids in the systematic study of animal behaviors. The development of an animal behavior classification system within the realm of behavioral ecology facilitates researchers in conveniently examining relevant behaviors. By deconstructing the continuous variations in animal behavior into fundamental units, deeper insights into the complexities of these behaviors can be attained. The Tianshan Red Deer Cervus elaphus songaricus, recognized as a second-level national key protected wild animal and classified as endangered (EN) on the Red List of Chinese Vertebrates, has not been extensively studied in terms of its behavioral ethogram. [Methods] This study was conducted from July 2019 to September 2021 in Bogda Nature Reserve, Tianchi, Xinjiang, utilizing infrared camera monitoring technology to capture a total of 4 218 independently valid photographs and 881 videos of Tianshan Red Deer. Centering on ‘posture-movement-environment’, a behavioral classification coding system based on ecological functions was established to elucidate the behavioral ecology of the Tianshan Red Deer. In this system, the letters B, P, A, and E denote the behavioral set, gesture set, movement set, and environment set of the study species, respectively, while bi, pi, ai, and ei represent the elements or subsets of the sets B, P, A and E. The PAE coding classification is defined as follows: ; ; . This coding system is anchored in the ecological functions of the PAE framework. [Results] The research documented a total of 11 distinct postures (Table 1), 71 actions (Table 2), and 13 environment types (Table 3) observed in Tianshan Red Deer. By assigning PAE codes to the various environments, postures, and actions involved, a total of 75 behaviors were identified (Appendix 1), reflecting the species’ primary behavioral repertoire. [Conclusion] This study represents the first comprehensive construction of the behavioral spectrum and PAE coding system for Tianshan Red Deer. Notably, no image data was obtained for mating and parturition behaviors, likely due to the infrequency and brief duration of these events, as well as the deer’s preference for secluded locations, which minimises detection by infrared cameras. By establishing the behavioral ethogram and PAE coding system for Tianshan Red Deer, this research provides a scientific basis for their management and conservation efforts.

Abstract:[Objectives] The Irrawaddy River is one of the major rivers in the Indochina Peninsula and the largest river in Myanmar. Its tributaries in China, the Longchuanjiang-Ruilijiang River, Dayingjiang River, Dulongjiang River and Mengnaihe River are rich in fish diversity, with a total of 84 fish species recorded. Due to insufficient sampling and diverse river habitats, there are still species that have not been discovered, described or documented from the basin. Several fish surveys conducted between 2021 and 2024 in Gaoligong Mountain (in the Irrawaddy River basin) of Baoshan City and Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, found four newly recorded species of freshwater fish:Triplophysa nujiangensa, Homatula pycnolepis,Psilorhynchus olliei and Glyptothorax longinema (Fig. 1). [Methods] In this study, the collected specimens were identified and morphological characteristics were described with reference to research literatures of Triplophysa, Homatula, Psilorhynchus and Glyptothorax. Based on COI gene fragments, Bayesian inference tree was constructed by Phylosuite 1.2.2. All new sequences in this study have been uploaded to NCBI GenBank, and other sequences were obtained from NCBI GenBank database (Table 1). [Results] In this article, the four newly recorded species are described, morphological photos (Fig. 2, Figs. 4﹣7), morphological (Tables 2﹣5) data for identification and phylogenetic tree (Figs. 3, 8) are also provided. Based on morphological and molecular evidences, the specimens in this study are identified as T. nujiangensa, H. pycnolepis,P. olliei and G. longinema. [Conclusion] The first two species are the first records of two genera Triplophysa and Homatula in the Irrawaddy River basin. The third species represents an extended distribution of the Psilorhynchidaein China outside the Yarlung Zangbo River basin in Xizang. The last species, so far known from the Nujiang and Lancang Rivers, is the first record in IrrawaddyRiver basin. This study provides basic data for species identification of fishes in the Irrawaddy River basin of China, and a scientific basis for the investigation and conservation of fish resources in the Gaoligong Mountain area.

Abstract:[Objectives] Food quality is one of the most important factors affecting the thermogenesis and digestion of birds. However, the plasticity of the birds' response to food quality is still unclear. This study aims to understand how birds adapt their thermogenesis and digestion in response to changes in food resources. [Methods] We modified the nutrient content of the food by adjusting the percentage of fat and protein (Table 1), 20 male Japanese Quails Coturnix japonica were randomly divided into 2 groups:high nutrition group (HNG, n = 10) and low nutrition group (LNG, n = 10). In this study, we measured body weight, basal metabolic rate (BMR), body fat content, tissue weight (liver, heart, kidney, muscle, and small intestine), mitochondrial state 4 respiration (S4R), cytochrome C oxidase (COX) activity, and the activities of digestive enzymes (cellulase, aminopeptidase, amylase, and lipase) in the small intestine of Japanese Quails. We conducted covariance analysis using body weight as a covariable to analyze BMR and tissue weight. Additionally, we used t-test to compare body fat content, S4R and COX activity of tissues, and the activity of small intestinal digestive enzymes in Japanese Quail fed different diets. [Results] The results showed that the high nutrition diet significantly increased the body weight and body fat content of Japanese Quails (Fig. 1c), but no increase was found in mitochondrial S4R and COX activity in liver, muscle, and heart (Table 2). Compared with the low nutrition group, the weight of the digestive tract (Fig. 2), and the activities of aminopeptidase and lipase per unit mass of small intestine were significantly increased in the high nutrition group (Figs. 3b, d). However, the activities of amylase were significantly decreased in the high nutrition group (Fig. 3c), while the activities of cellulase, aminopeptidase and amylase in the whole small intestine were significantly decreased (Figs. 3a﹣c). [Conclusion] In conclusion, in order to adapt to changes in food resources and quality, Japanese Quails can develop plastic adaptations by regulating metabolic thermogenesis and digestive tract functions at multiple levels, including whole, organ, cellular, and enzymatic.

Abstract:[Objectives] Temperature is an important factor that affects the growth, development, and metabolism of aquatic organisms. Temperature tolerance significantly affects the survival and expansion of the invasive Apple Snail Pomacea canaliculata. [Methods] Transcriptome sequencing and metabolomic analysis were used to examine the alterations in the hepatopancreas of P. canaliculata exposed to high (36 ℃) and low (10 ℃) temperature stress for 48 h. After cleaning the raw sequencing data, we identified differentially expressed genes by |log2FoldChange| > 1 and P < 0.05. Gene ontology (GO) annotation and pathway enrichment analysis were then performed on the differentially expressed genes. Significantly changed metabolites were identified by variable important in projection > 1, P < 0.05, and |log2FoldChange| > 1.5. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) was used to search for the metabolic pathways of significantly changed metabolites. The Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between differentially expressed genes and significantly changed metabolites. [Results] Compared to the control group, the high-temperature group had 446 genes and 233 metabolites with differential expression, while the low-temperature group had 288 genes and 119 metabolites exhibiting differential expression. The majority of genes and metabolites were upregulated in pathways related to amino acids, lipid transport, and immune system processes (Fig. 1), while they were downregulated in lipid acid and cytochrome P450 pathways during high-temperature stress (Fig. 2). Under low-temperature stress, significant changes were observed in alanine, aspartate, glutamate, fumaric acid, and alpha-ketoglutaric acid (Figs. 3, 4), which are involved in the energy production of the TCA cycle. Furthermore, several genes enriched in the drug metabolism pathway and heat shock proteins were found to mitigate the effects on their physiological processes. Finally, the expression patterns of these differentially expressed genes in the quantitative real-time PCR analyses were similar to those obtained by RNA-seq, indicating the accuracy and reliability of the RNA-Seq results (Fig. 6). [Conclusion] Acute temperature stress can induce immune stress and energy metabolism processes in the hepatopancreas of P. canaliculata. P. canaliculata rapidly adapts to environmental temperature changes by regulating amino acid metabolism and increasing the content of unsaturated fatty acids.

Abstract:[Objectives] To investigate the effects of high temperature stress on Hippocampus abdominalis seedlings, 20-day-old seedlings were subjected to acute high temperature stress for 24 h, and the survival rate and antioxidant enzyme activity were measured at different temperatures and times. [Methods] The seedlings were transferred directly from 18 ℃ to 7 temperature gradients of 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 and 30 ℃, and the number of deaths and behavioral status were recorded every 2 h, and a time-temperature-survival model was constructed. Probit regression analysis was used to determine the temperature at which the mortality rate reached 50% in 24 h, which was considered the high initial lethal temperature (24 h-UILT50). According to the results, the seedlings were directly transferred from 18 ℃ to 21 ℃, 24 ℃ and 27 ℃ for 24 h. Samples were collected at stress 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h, respectively, and the antioxidant oxidase activities at different temperatures and different time points were measured using biochemical kits. SPSS 26 software was used for data processing, and one-way ANOVA and Duncan test were used for significance analysis. [Results] The results showed that in the high initial lethal temperature experiment, the H. abdominalis seedlings did not die between 18﹣25 ℃, they began to die slightly at 26 ℃, and died completely at 30 ℃, and the survival rate decreased with the increase of water temperature. Probit regression analysis showed that the high initial lethal temperature was 27.53 ℃ (Fig. 1, Table 1). The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) showed the same trend in the 24 h high temperature stress experiment. At 21 ℃ and 24 ℃, the activities of SOD and CAT first decreased and then increased. The activities of SOD and CAT increased at 27 ℃, and were significantly higher than those of control group at 24 h (P < 0.05) (Figs. 2, 3). The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased at the initial stage of stress, and did not change significantly at 21 ℃. After 6 h of stress, the content of MDA began to decrease in the 24 ℃ treatment group, and after a period of stress at 27 ℃, the content was significantly higher than that in the control group (Fig. 4). In all temperature groups, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) showed an increasing-decreasing-increasing trend with stress time, and all decreased to the lowest level at 12 h (Fig. 5). [Conclusion] The experiment showed that acute high temperature stress significantly changed the activity of antioxidant enzymes in H. abdominalis seedlings, which were activated to eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by high temperature stress, and the content of MDA in H. abdominalis seedlings was significantly increased, indicating that the seedlings were still under oxidative stress. There were significant differences in the trend of antioxidant enzyme activity between the 27 ℃ treatment group and the other temperature treatment groups, indicating that H. abdominalis seedlings could not adapt to the high temperature at 27 ℃.

Abstract:[Objectives] Single-cell RNA sequencing was used to investigate the cellular composition of the three hematopoietic organs-kidney, liver, and spleen of Gymnocypris eckloni. The study aims to systematically map the cellular composition of these organs, and to accumulate scientific data for the study of the haematopoietic system, particularly erythropoiesis, in this species. [Methods] Single-cell suspensions were prepared and sequenced using single cell RNA sequencing software to clarify the characteristics and differences in the distribution of cells in the haematopoietic organs and to construct a preliminary cellular atlas of the haematopoietic organs of G. eckloni. [Results] Cells within the three organs of G. eckloni were initially classified into 16 subpopulations based on the sequencing results (Fig. 2). This, combined with the expression of the top 20 differentially expressed genes and known marker genes for each cell population, identified a variety of cell types. These included erythrocytes, neutrophils, T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, epithelial cells, macrophages, vascular endothelial cells, myoblasts, fibroblasts, monocytes and neuronal cells. There is considerable heterogeneity in the distribution of cells in the three organs (Fig. 4). The G. eckloni had a relatively large distribution of cell populations involved in erythrocyte functions, the kidney had a relatively large distribution of cell populations involved in the immune response, and the liver had a relatively large distribution of vascular endothelial cells and myocytes. [Conclusion] The similarity to the haematopoietic cell types of the Zebrafish Danio rerio demonstrates the high conservation of haematopoietic cell development and evolution. According to functional enrichment analysis, G. eckloni, like most scleractinian fishes, has kidneys, spleen and liver, which are not only involved in haematopoiesis and erythropoiesis, but also play roles in immune system development, response and other processes. Meanwhile, the present study complements and improves the study of the haematopoietic phylogeny of G. eckloni from a single-cell perspective, shows the characteristics and differences of cell distribution in different haematopoietic tissues, and provides a certain research basis for further predicting the developmental path of erythrocytes in G. eckloni.

Abstract:[Objectives] This study aims to assess the risks of heavy metal pollution and long-term biological accumulation faced by the habitat of Alligator sinensis. In May and October 2021, heavy metal concentrations in water, soil sediments, feed for captive A. sinensis, and hatched eggshells were tested in eight sample areas within the National Nature Reserve of Chinese Alligator in Anhui Province. Among these, the Xiadu area hosts a captive population, while the Zhu Village, Gaojingmiao, Yanglin, Hongxing, Shuangkeng, Zhongqiao, and Changle areas harbor wild populations. The research focused on seven elements:mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb). [Methods] The pollution levels in water and sediment contamination were evaluated using the comprehensive pollution index (R) and the Muller index (Igeo). Independent samples t-tests were used to analyze the differences in heavy metal concentrations between the environmental samples from May and October. To minimize harm, hatched eggshells were utilized to investigate heavy metal bioaccumulation instead of live individuals. The biological enrichment coefficient (BCF) indicated the accumulation of heavy metals from the environment, while the biological magnification coefficient (BMF) represented accumulation through the food chain. [Results] 1) Significant differences were observed in the concentrations of As, Cu, and Zn between the water samples from May and October (Table 1). In comparison to October, As and Zn concentrations were higher in May, while Cu concentrations were lower during that month. The comprehensive pollution index indicated that the water environment was free from heavy metal pollution (R < 1). However, the concentration of Hg exceeded the “Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water,” suggesting that Hg poses a potential threat. 2) Significant differences were also noted in the concentrations of Hg, Zn, Cd, and Cr in the sediment between May and October (Table 2). Compared to October, Hg and Zn concentrations were higher in May, whereas Cd and Cr concentrations were lower. Specifically, Cd was non-polluted in May and increased to moderately polluted levels in October (Igeo = 1.56). Meanwhile, Hg exhibited slight pollution in both May (Igeo = 0.77) and October (Igeo = 0.30) (Fig. 1). 3) Concentrations of Cr and Pb in the eggshells exceeded the standards, with higher levels recorded in the Xiadu area compared to other areas (Table 3). 4) The BCF values for Cu and Zn in the water from the Xiadu area ranged from 2.05 to 38.61 (Fig. 2a), while all eggshells did not accumulate heavy metals from the sediment (Fig. 2b). The BMF values for As, Cu, Zn, and Cr in the feed ranged from 1.26 to 4.64. [Conclusion] This study showed that Cu and Zn were effectively accumulated in A. sinensis eggshells through the water environment. Additionally, captive populations were able to accumulate heavy metals through the food chain. Long-term accumulation of Pb in soil sediments may have led to excessive Pb content in eggshells. The study found that heavy metal concentrations in eggshells of captive populations were higher than those in wild populations. Bioaccumulation from both the environment and the food chain may have already negatively affected the reproduction of A. sinensis within the reserve. Therefore, it is essential to control Hg and Cd pollution sources and to improve the safety of the feed.

Abstract:Lycodon cathaya Wang, Qi, Lyu, Zeng & Wang, 2020 is a wolf snake species originally described based on specimens from Longsheng County, Guilin City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. This species has subsequently been reported in Hunan Province, China. Our study aims to confirm the new specimen collected in Guizhou Province, China and to revise the diversity and distribution of Lycodon snakes in Guizhou Province. During our field survey on July 18th, 2023, one male adult specimen (CIB 119811) of the genus Lycodon was collected in Leli Town, Rongjiang County, Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou Province, China (108°47′ E, 26°31′ N, 884 m a.s.l.) (Figs. 1, 2, and 5). The genomic DNA of the newly collected specimen was extracted and then amplified using primers for mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (Cyt b). We added sequences from GenBank to infer a Bayesian phylogenetic tree of the genus Lycodon (Appendix 1). The morphological data was measured using the same method from previous studies. We also reviewed literatures on the herpetofauna of Guizhou Province to summarize the diversity and distribution of Lycodon snakes within the region. The new specimen is nested within the clade of L. cathaya with strong support (Bayesian posterior probability, BPP 0.99) (Fig. 4). Morphological comparison also suggests the new specimen to be L. cathaya (Figs. 1﹣3, Appendix 2). Combining both morphological evidence and molecular phylogenetic tree inferred from mitochondrial Cyt b gene fragments, the new specimen was identified as L. cathaya, which represents a new snake record in Guizhou Province, China. Six Lycodon species are currently known from Guizhou Province with one problematic record, L. fasciatus. In addition, given the existence of the cryptic species formerly classified as L. fasciatus in China, comprehensive research on the taxonomic status of L. fasciatus from Guizhou Province is needed in future investigation.

Abstract:In order to investigate the biodiversity of amphibian and reptile in the Nanshan National Park, Chengbu County, Hunan Province, four specimens of the Bufo genus were collected (specimen numbers:HNNU2024032401﹣HNNU2024032404) near a stream in the Jintongshan area (26°09′12″ N, 110°09′17″ E, altitude 1 760 m) in April 2024.The specimens were identified based on morphological characteristics described by Nihn et al. (2022) and Fei et al. (2009). Two mitochondrial genes, namely 16S ribosomal RNA gene (16S rRNA) and cytochrome C oxidase I gene (COI), were concatenated into a single sequence of 1 140 bp for phylogenetic analysis. Other sequences were obtained from GenBank (Appendix 1). DNA sequences were aligned in MEGA 7 by the Clustal W algorithm with default parameters. The dataset was partitioned according to genes and codons for 16S rRNA and COI, then tested in PhyloSuite 1.2.2, resulting in the best-fitting nucleotide substitution models of TIM2 + I + G. Sequenced data were analyzed using Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) approaches. Two independent runs were conducted in the BI analysis with 2 000 000 generations each, and sampled every 1 000 generations with the first 25% of samples discarded as burn-in. In the ML analysis, a bootstrap consensus tree was generated from 1 000 replicates. Both the ML and BI analyses yielded essentially identical topologies, pairwise distances were calculated in MEGA 7 using the uncorrected model based on 16S rRNA sequences among all species used in this study, see details in Appendix 2. The morphological measurements of these specimens were displayed in Table 1, morphological characteristics include tympanum absent, dorsal surface of head and body smooth, within small and sparse granules, heels not meeting when flexed hind-limbs to body axis, and undeveloped toe pads, which are largely consistent with B. cryptotympanicus (Fig. 2). Further phylogenetic analysis revealed that the specimens clustered within a branch of B. cryptotympanicus. Based on the uncorrected distance model of the 16S rRNA gene, the average genetic distance within B. cryptotympanicus is 0.2%, significantly lower than the genetic distances observed among species within the genus Bufo, which averaged 4.35% (Appendix 2).Combining morphological characteristics with phylogenetic analysis confirms that the newly collected specimens belong to B. cryptotympanicus of the family Bufonidae,making a new amphibian record for Hunan Province, China.

Abstract:The pitviper genus Ovophis is widely distributed in the mountainous areas of Asia, with elevations ranging from 540 to 2 400 m. Due to its mysterious lifestyle, specimen collection is often difficult, resulting in relatively limited data on species of the genus Ovophis. Previously, O. tonkinensis was only reported to be distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, and Hong Kong, China. During a field survey in February 2024, a road-killed specimen of the genus Ovophis was collected from Congjiang County, Guizhou Province, China (25°55′45″ N, 109°04′03″ E, altitude 360 m). The following morphological characters of this specimen were examined:(1) adult male, total length 403 mm, tail length 81 mm, tail length/total length 0.20; (2) infralabials 11; (3) one pair of chin shields; (4) dorsal scale rows 27-27-21; (5) vertebral scales row of tail single and enlarged; (6) ventral scales 129, subcaudal pairs 49; (7) cloacal plate entire (Fig. 2). The new cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene fragment in this study has been deposited in GenBank, and the other sequences of the genus Ovophis used were retrieved from GenBank (Table 1). Based on Cyt b gene fragments, we performed maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses in IQ-TREE 1.6.12 and calculated the uncorrected genetic distances within Ovophis in MEGA X. The phylogenetic analyses revealed that the newly collected specimen and O. tonkinensis clustered together (Fig. 1), with a genetic distance of 1.4%﹣2.1% (Table 2). Based on the morphological comparison and molecular phylogenetic analysis results, the specimen was identified as O. tonkinensis, which is a new record of reptiles to Guizhou Province, China.

Abstract:Dominance hierarchy refers to the phenomenon that the status of each individual in the animal population has a certain order, which not only reflects the social structure of the animal population, but also plays an important role in survival, reproduction and population regulation. The hierarchical structure of animal populations includes both linear and nonlinear cases. The linearity index h (Landau’s h) proposed by Landau (1951) can be used to quantify the degree of linearity of hierarchical structure, and the calculation method of this index was improved by de Vries (1995). Rank differences between individuals affect the strength of natural selection and sexual selection. However, in most animals, individual rank is not obvious in phenotype, which needs to be calculated using the dominance ranking algorithm based on observational data. Existing dominance ranking algorithms include algorithms based on the win probability, win frequency and opponent strength (such as Clutton-Brock et al.’s index, David’s score), the number of wins (such as I & SI, Elo-rating, Randomized Elo-rating), and methods based on Graph Theory i.e., ADAGIO. Based on the field data, we discussed the correlation between these algorithms, and found that ADAGIO, Randomized Elo-rating, I & SI, and David’s score were relatively similar (Fig. 3). The ranking results obtained by Elo-rating and Clutton-Brock et al.’s index are similar, but there are great differences between algorithms based on the win probability and other algorithms (Fig. 4). According to the characteristics of these algorithms and the relationship between algorithms, the recommended algorithm selection in different cases is summarized, so that researchers can choose the appropriate algorithm according to the practical situation. In addition, we briefly introduced the characteristics of ranking algorithms in other fields, to provide a reference for the introduction of new algorithms in animal behavior research.

Abstract:[Objectives] Currently, the primary methods for determining the sex of Chinese Soft-shelled Turtle Pelodiscus sinensis include visual inspection of external features, examination of reproductive organs after dissection, and DNA PCR analysis. However, each of these methods has its limitations and cannot fully meet the requirements for sex determination in the huge production of Chinese Soft-shelled Turtle. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a rapid, minimally invasive and accurate method for determining the genetic sex of Chinese Soft-shelled Turtles. [Methods] In this study, blood was collected from veins of the calipash in adult Chinese Soft-shelled Turtles. The blood supernatant was used as a DNA template for PCR reaction and identification following rapid pretreatment. The feasibility of the genetic method was assessed by optimizing the pretreatment method, blood volume and PCR system (including primer concentration, template concentration, DNA polymerase mix volume and annealing temperature, among other factors), as well as by comparative blood DNA PCR tests, external morphological observations, anddissection of reproductive organs. [Results] The results demonstrated that after rapid pretreatment of 5 μl fresh turtle blood using an alkaline boiling method, a 20 μl PCR system was prepared by adding 2 μl of supernatant DNA template, 10 μl of DNA polymerase mixture, 0.8 μl each of upstream and downstream primers, and 6.4 μl of ddH2O. PCR amplification was then performed at an annealing temperature of 58 ℃, followed by detection using 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The results revealed that female turtles (ZW type) exhibited distinct double bands with molecular sizes approximately 860 bp and 1 500 bp, while male turtles (ZZ type) exhibited a clear single band with molecular sizes around 860 bp (Fig. 1). The accuracy of sex identification in Chinese Soft-shelled Turtles reached 100%, which was confirmed by the blood DNA PCR validation test, external morphological observations and examinations of reproductive organ (Figs. 8﹣10). [Conclusion] The direct blood PCR method based on alkaline boiling pretreatment is considered a rapid and cost-effective approach for sex determination in Chinese Soft-shelled Turtles.

Abstract:Musk Deer Moschus spp. is a wild animal under first class protection in China, and its artificial culture history has been more than 60 years. However, cultivation technology developed slowly due to inadequate feeding standards and nutritional requirements, as well as high morbidity and mortality. Researchers worked to solve these problems, but because Musk Deer is susceptible to environmental stress or pathological reactions, it is difficult to obtain representative test data and biological samples, and relevant studies have certain limitations. With the development of molecular biology technology, it is gradually found that intestinal microbiota is crucial to host health and plays a key role in host immune prevention and control, nutritional regulation and adaptive evolution. It is important to study the intestinal microbes to enrich relevant research and maintain the health of Musk Deer. Therefore, the composition, function and influencing factors of the bacterial-dominated intestinal microflora of Musk Deer were reviewed in this article, to provide a scientific reference for improving disease control and prevention, feeding management and nutritional regulation in the process of artificial Musk Deer farming.

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