Abstract:During May to August in 2008 and 2018, we studied the basic breeding ecology of the Eurasian Nightjar in the basin of the Toutun River near Urumqi through field investigation, measurement and infrared cameras monitoring, and found the nest moving behavior of the bird. Altogether we found 7 nests of the nightjars, which were located on the sloping sands of the riverbanks with sparse vegetation. The nearest distance between nests is 69 m, and a density is 3﹣7 nests per square kilometer. Clutch size is 2 eggs (n = 7), with egg mass of 7.27 ± 0.38 g, egg length and width of 30.53 ± 0.88 mm and 21.39 ± 0.85 mm and egg volume of 7.13 ± 0.50 cm3 (n = 5, Table 1). Three nests were monitored by infrared cameras for15 days, 23 days and 11 days respectively, with a total of 8 462 photos, 4 152 video clips about 40 hours, and 6 807 valid photos acquired. We systematically investigated and analyzed incubation, nestling feeding, nestling growth of the nightjars. During the incubation period which lasted for about 15﹣16 days, the adults were leaving nests for feeding in a bimodal pattern, with peaks occurred at 20:00 to 21:00 and 03:00 to 04:00 respectively (Fig. 1). The nesting period lasted about 16﹣18 days. There was a significant difference in activity intensity between nestling feeding and incubation period. The adults fed young birds also in bimodal way, however, the peaks were occurred from 20:30 to 22:30 at night and before dawn at 02:30 to 04:30 (Fig. 2). The breeding behavioral spectrums were classified into 9 categories including 46 behaviors for parents, and 6 categories including 32 behaviors for nestlings. Their growth changes in body length, weight and wing followed a logistic growth curve, however, for the tail length, tarsus and rostra it followed a linear increase (Fig. 3, Table 2 and Table 3). We found the unique nest moving behavior of the Eurasian Nightjar with the moving distances and details shown in Table 4, for the reasons of moving the nests, we suggest that one was to prevent the young birds from being burned by the sun, and the others were to avoid disturbances (natural enemies, herds, floods, human activities, etc.).

Abstract:Latitude variations in the life history characteristics of cavity-nesting birds, especially the breeding biology of tropical cavity-nesting birds, are still poorly understood. From March to August 2018, artificial nestboxes were set up in Diaoluoshan of Hainan, Dongzhai of Henan, and Saihanba of Hebei, China, to compare use of nestbox, hatching success and breeding success of cavity-nesting birds (Figure 1). A total of 577 nestboxes were set up in the field, among which the utilization rate was the lowest in Hainan (32.6%), while the highest was in Henan (92.0%) (Table 1). The Great Tit (Parus cinereus) was the most common cavity-nesting bird species found at three study sites, and there was no significant difference in hatching success and breeding success of Great Tits among three sites. However, hatching success (75.7%) and breeding success (65.7%) of Great Tits were significantly lower than those of Willow Tits (Poecile montanus) (97.7% and 97.7%) and Coal Tits (Periparus ater) (93.5% and 90.3%) within the same study area in Hebei (Table 2). Our study showed that there were variations with latitude in cavity-nesting bird species, species abundance and use of nestboxes. However, there were no significant differences in hatching success and breeding success for Great Tits, a common cavity-nesting bird across China.

Abstract:Animal behavior is the response of individuals and communities to internal and external environmental changes (stimulus). Behavioral traits are important for animal fitness and evolution. There are few studies on the dispersal and distribution of birds' behavioral traits. We investigated the Varied Tit (Sittiparus varius) and the Great Tit (Parus cinereus), two passerine birds with similar life history but different distribution ranges. A novel-environment test was used to compare three behavioral traits: exploratory, active and risk-taking behavior. The results showed that the exploratory (Mann-Whitney U-test: Z =﹣2.582, P < 0.01, Fig. 1), active (Mann-Whitney U-test: Z =﹣5.148, P < 0.001, Fig. 2) and risk-taking (Mann-Whitney U-test: Z =﹣2.046, P < 0.05, Fig. 3) scores of the Great Tit were all significantly higher than those of the Varied Tit. Therefore, we suggest that bird behaviors may be related to the distribution range of the population. We suspect that the more widely distributed individuals are likely to be more exploratory, active and adventurous, as these behavioral traits will enable them to obtain more information about the resource availability and habitat quality in the challenging and dynamic environments. The study of species' behavior may predict the future development of the population and provide a reliable basis for conservation of populations.

Abstract:We studied the breeding ecology of the Rufous-vented Tit (Periparus rubidiventris) at Lianhuashan Nature Reserve, Gansu Province, from April to August in 2017-2018. A total of 100 nest-boxes were hung while 15 were used by Rufous-vented Tits in two years (Fig. 1). We also found four natural nests, which located in a hole of a dry birch (Betula utilize) (Fig. 1), crevice in walls and outlet pipes in cement revetment by the roadside. From mid-April, we started to check the nest-boxes once a week. When mosses or other fillings were found in the nest-boxes, we checked them more frequently (normally each day) and made notes of their laying dates, hatch dates, clutch sizes and numbers of nestlings. The data were calculated by SPSS 21.0 for Windows, and were expressed by Mean ± SE. Both sexes participated in the nest-building work. The outer part of the nest was constructed with grass stems, fibrous roots and mosses while the inner part being constructed with animal hairs and a few of small feathers. The peak of laying date was around of mid-to-late May, with one egg laid per day and an average clutch size of 6 eggs (4﹣7, n = 15). Females covered the egg with the nest materials before incubating. The average weight of the eggs was 1.12 ± 0.02 g, with the size of 15.30 ± 0.10 mm × 12.09 ± 0.11 mm (n = 86). Females began to incubate after the last egg was laid and the incubation period lasted around 15 d (14﹣16 d, n = 5). Both sexes fed the nestlings, we also measured the nestlings of 13 nests (Fig. 2). In this study, the breeding success rate was 83.3% for all nests, and 86.7% for the nest-boxes, with the main predators of mice.

Abstract:Forest Musk Deer (Moschus berezovskii) is an important member of ecosystem and has great commercial value also. Forest musk deer is threatened by poaching for musk pod and habitat fragmentation. Therefore, Studying on Musk Deer’s habitat preferences plays a crucial role in protecting their habitat. Musk Deer is a solitary mammal and is not easily found in the field. However, Musk deer has a specific defecation behavior that they uses repeatedly one or more specific defecation sites. Those latrines can be found through out its habitat. In order understand the habitat preference of Forest Musk Deer in Tangjiahe National Nature reserve, we selected 17 quadrats of 1 km × 1 km in size through out the elevation gradient 2 300﹣3 200 m (Fig.1). Within each quadrat, we checked the deer latrine by walking a transect of 2.5 km length and 10 meter width. We also recorded both biotic and abiotic factors within the transcetion. Ivlev’s electivity index, generalized linear model and multiple correspondence analysis were used to analyze the data. We found that the forest musk deer prefers to use latrine sites in coniferous and broad leaf forests (E = 0.528) and avoid evergreen broad-leaved forest (E =﹣1)，secondary deciduous broad-leaved forest (E =﹣0.816) and evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved forest (E =﹣0.585). Latrines of musk deer were densely distributed between 2 000 m and 2 600 m altitude. Further more，shrub coverage and slope have a crucially influence in latrine preference of forest musk deer (Table 2, 3).

Abstract:The portions of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Cyt b gene (330 bp, GenBank accession: MK295815), cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COⅠ) (206 bp, GenBank accession: MK317953) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region (231 bp, GenBank accession: MK317954) of the skeleton sample from a dead baleen whale collected at the Shanghai seas were sequenced. The blasting result in GenBank shows that the three sequences have maximal similarity at 100% with those of Balaenoptera omurai (Table 1﹣3); and the phylogenetic trees based on maximum likelihood are consistent with the blasting result (Fig. 5﹣7). The result shows that the sample should be identified as B. omurai, and it is recorded for the first time from Shanghai Seas.

Abstract:The Chinese endemic piebald odorous frogs Odorrana schmackeri species complexare widely distributed in Southern China. However, their taxonomy is still unresolved to date. Previous analyses indicated the existence of many cryptic species in this complex. Due to the absence of obvious geographical barrier and morphological similarities, there are still some controversies on the species composition, distribution boundaries, geographical distribution patterns of the Odorrana schmackeri species complex in Fujian and Zhejiang hill regions. Here, field surveys were conducted in Pingnan County of Ningde City and Pucheng County of Nanping City, Fujian Province from September to October in 2016 (Fig. 1). Species delimitation analyses were first conducted based on the data of both morphological characteristics and comparisons (Table 2). In addition, the mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA gene fragments were amplified, sequenced and aligned with both sequences from O. tianmuii, O. huanggangensis and O. schmackeri. Molecular phylogenetic analyses and the genetic distance estimation were then conducted based on these data. The topology of phylogenetic tree indicated that samples from Pingnan county were clustered with O. huanggangensis from Wuyi mountain of Fujian province with strong supports, with genetic distance less than 0.1% (Fig. 3, Table 3). In addition, phylogenetic analyses strongly supported the clustering of samples from Pucheng county with O. tianmuii from Tianmu mountain in Zhejiang province withgenetic distance of 0.4% (Fig. 3, Table 3). Therefore, the Odorrana schmackeri species complex distributed in Fujian province consist of two cryptic species, i.e., O. huanggangensis and O. tianmuii. O. huanggangensis is mainly distributed in Wuyi mountain, Minjiang River and Chiu-lung River basin, whereas O. tianmuii is only distributed in northeast Guancuo Town in Pucheng County, where is the second headstream of Qujiang River and one of the main tributaries of Qiantang River. The distribution of O. tianmuii in Fujian province revealed in this study is a new record, and the results here further enriched the species diversity of amphibian in Fujian Province. Further studies should be focused on the species composition of the O. schmackeri species complex in the Yangtze River basin of northwest Pucheng County and whether the river systems and drainage basins influenced the species differentiation and speciation.

Abstract:Palaemon annandalei is a commercially important shrimp in China, which is mainly distributed in the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the western coast of the Korean Peninsula. P. annandalei are especially abundant at the Yangtze Estuary and its adjacent waters, which are the main catches by set net in northern Hangzhou Bay. A monthly sampling of P. annandalei by set net in northern Hangzhou Bay during the period from April 2017 to March 2018 was conducted for studying on its reproductive biology. The methods using to analyze these captures included curve estimation, chi square test, independent sample T test and paired sample T test. We analyzed the reproductive biological index such as body length, weight and sex ratio et al. of P. annandalei and got the results as the following: the distribution of body length of the shrimp ranged from 14 to 51 mm, whereas the average body length was 32.0 ± 5.4 mm, n = 3 210. The body length ranged from 27 to 51 mm, whereas the average body length was 36.3 ± 3.4 mm, n = 375. The body weight ranged from 0.016 to 1.700 g, whereas the average body weight was 0.565 ± 0.282 g, n = 3 210. The body weight of spawning stock ranged from 0.400 to 1.700 g with a mean body weight of 0.868 ± 0.225 g, n = 375. There was a significant difference (P < 0.01) between female and male on average body length and average body weight. The sex ratio of female to male was 1.27︰1, females were significantly more than that of males (P < 0.01). The reproductive period of the shrim in northern Hangzhou Bay lasted from late April to late October with two peak periods in June and August; a significant linear correlation was detected between brood porportion (B) and sex ratio (S) (P < 0.05), for the relational expression was: B = 41.80S﹣21.06 (R2 = 73.9). The absolute fecundity (FA, egg) ranged from 17 to 179 eggs, and the average absolute fecundity was 60 ± 26 eggs, while the average relative fecundity (FR , egg) was 70 ± 24 eggs/g, n = 375. The absolute fecundity was significantly correlated with body length (L, mm) and body weight (W, g) by quadratic function (P < 0.01), and the two relational expressions were FA = 0.29L2﹣18.52L + 342.67 (R2 = 76.8) and FA = 97.32W2﹣100.75W + 71.66 (R2 = 94.5), respectively. The long egg diameter ranged from 1.090 to 2.688 mm with a mean of 1.599 ± 0.158 mm; whereas the short egg diameter ranged from 0.807 to 1.992 mm with a mean value of 1.141 ± 0.118 mm, n = 2 787. Comparing our data with those collected in the 1980s, we found out that the body size of P. annandalei has miniaturized, while the shrimp has prolonged its reproduction period from single peak to double peak and increased its individual fecundity ability, as results from both environment degredation and higher fishing pressure.

Abstract:Purple Flying Squid (Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis) is one of the most important tropical Ommatrephids, widely distributing in the tropical waters of Indo-Pacific, but little information is available on its fecundity, particularly for those populations living around South China Sea. From 28 specimens of S. oualaniensis collected in 2017 and 2018 in the South China Sea, effective fecundity and its variations with sexual maturation were assessed using bio-statistical and model fitting analysis. The specimens were measured 114﹣153 mm in mantle length, and weighed from 55.2 to 174.7 g (Table 1). The length and weight of spermatophoric sac increased with sexual maturation measured 22﹣124 mm in length and 0.03﹣3.07 g in weight, respectively (Table 2). The spermatophoric sac’s weight showed a power regression on its length. In addition, both the length and weight of spermatophoric sac were linearly correlated with mantle length and body weight (Fig. 2, 3). The effective fecundity was estimated from 1 spermatophores at stage Ⅲ to 144 spermatophores at stage Ⅶ, and the relative effective fecundity by mantle length was estimated from 0.02 to 1.62 spermatophores per millimeter. The effective fecundity increased with maturity and reached to the highest value at stage Ⅵ and remained stable till stage Ⅶ. The effective fecundity showed a linear relationship with mantle length and body weight (Fig. 4), while the relative effective fecundity by mantle length had a power regression on mantle length and body weight (Fig. 4). The spermatophore length was a power function of its weight, in which they were measured from 4.79 to 36.60 mm in length and from 0.000 2 to 0.020 0 g in weitht, respectively (Table 3). Both the length and weight of spermatophores attained their highest value at stage Ⅵ, and in addition, both of them were found linear correlation with mantle length and body weight (Fig. 6). These findings indicated that the spermatophoric sac, spermatophores and effective fecundity in the medium form of male S. oualaniensis from South China Sea showed a consistent increasing trend with sexual maturation, and significantly related to mantle length and body weight.

Abstract:The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of different food and food densities on the population dynamics of Fabrea salina. Commercial yeast and Dunaliella salina were provided to the F. salina. The F. salina fed by D. salina had the higher growth rate (0.78 ± 0.019 / d), and lower generation time (0.89 ± 0.021 d). Its intrinsic growth rate is 1.49/d, and the Michaelis constant was 1 121.32. However, the growth rate of F. salina fed by commercial yeast was lower (0.36 ± 0.001 / d), and the generation time was longer (1.93 ± 0.007 d); its intrinsic growth rate was 0.51/d and the Michaelis constant was 2.68. One-way ANOVA test results showed that the kind of food and food density had a significant effect on the population growth of F. salina (P < 0.01). Feeding F. salina by D. salina with a density of 10 × 109 cells/L can achieve high-density culture in a short period of time. While, yeast is suitable to feed F. salina to keep them in the laboratory for longer time.

Abstract:We aimed to investigate the effects of continuous exposure to hypomagnetic field on neurotransmitter, hormone content and blood routine parameters in juvenile (three weeks old) and adult (eight weeks old) male C57BL/6 mice (Mus musculus domesticus). The experimental group was exposed to the hypomagnetic field at density of 1.1 ± 0.5 μT, while the control group was exposed to the geomagnetic field at density of 53.3 ± 0.2 μT. A total of 84 and 72 male juvenile and adult mice were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group, 42 and 36 in each group, respectively. Juvenile mice were exposed to the two kinds of magnetic field for 1 to 5 weeks while adult mice for 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks. The contents of neurotransmitters and hormones including gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), acetylcholine (Ach), noradrenaline (NA), thyroxine (T4) and growth hormone (GH) in the brain tissue or serum samples were measured using LC-MS and ELISA. Blood routine parameters were also measured in Peking University Health Science Center. We compared the results of the experimental and control groups with independent sample t-test. The results showed that the contents of 5-HT and NA in the brain tissues of adult mice exposed to hypomagnetic field decreased significantly after 1-week exposure (P < 0.05) (Fig. 1), and the contents of 5-HT in serum decreased significantly after 3-week exposure (P < 0.01). The contents of T4 decreased significantly at the 3rd, 6th, 12th week (P < 0.05) (Fig. 2). The content of DA in brain tissues of juvenile mice decreased at the 5th week (P < 0.05) (Fig. 1). The content of T4 in serum decreased significantly at the 2nd and 5th week (P < 0.05) while NA decreased significantly at the 4th week (P < 0.01) (Fig. 2). Blood routine examination showed that white blood cells (WBC) increased significantly at the 1st week for adult and 2nd week for juvenile mice, respectively (P < 0.01). Other parameters had no significant differences (Fig. 3 and appendix 1). This study shows that the parameters responding to the exposure to hypomagnetic field for juvenile and adult mice are not completely consistent, excepting that T4 reduces significantly in both groups. The results indicate that T4, 5-HT, NA, DA and WBC may be physiological parameters sensitive to the hypomagnetic-field exposure, which should be paid special attention to in future studies.

Abstract:The plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi) is a specialized subterranean rodent living on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which is short of oxygen in burrows. In general, hypoxia can induce apoptosis. In order to shed lights into the molecular mechanism of the plateau zokor adaptation to the hypoxic environment, the sequences of Pidd, Fas, Bax, Puma, Apaf-1, Scotin, Perp, Igfbp3 and Bcl-2 were analyzed by MEGA 7.0, PAML4.8 program and Ancestor program. In addition, the expression levels of these genes were determined with real-time PCR in the lung tissues of zokors inhabiting at different altitudes (3 300 m and 2 260 m) and compared with the SD rats in this study. The sequences of the apoptotic target genes in plateau zokors were highly homologous those of Nannospalax galili (Table 2 and Table 3). PIDD (Fig. 2), PUMA (Fig. 3), Apaf-1 (Fig. 4), IGFBP3 (Fig. 5) and BCL-2 (Fig. 6) in plateau zokor and Nannospalax galili showed convergent sites in their functional domains. The SIFT test showed that, compared to other species, 78, 853, 157, 320 and 285 variation sites of plateau zokor and Nannospalax galili had effects on the function of p53, PIDD, PUMA, Apaf-1 and IGFBP3, respectively (Table 5). At the high altitude (3 300 m), the expression levels of proapoptotic genes Pidd, Bax and Puma were significantly decreased, while the expression level of antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 was significantly increased; instead, the expression levels of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic genes showed no significant difference in SD rats. The expression levels of apoptotic genes in plateau zokor were higher than in the SD rats (Fig. 7, 8). At the high altitude (3 300 m), the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax expression was significantly increased in plateau zokor, whereas that of the SD rat was not (Fig. 9). The results above suggested that site variation of p53 in plateau zokor resulted in different expression patterns of p53 targeted apoptotic genes from those in SD rat: the expression levels of proapoptotic genes Pidd, Bax, Puma and Apaf-1 were decreased, while the expression level of antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 was increased, so as to inhibit apoptosis under hypoxic environment. Under the long-term hypoxia conditions, the p53 targeted proteins PIDD, PUMA, Apaf-1 and IGFBP3 had significant variation sites, which might alter their ability to combine with their functional complexes and inhibit apoptosis. Therefore, over the long-term hypoxia adaptation, the apoptotic genes of plateau zokor underwent structural variation, leading to change in the expression levels of these genes, and thereby inhibited apoptosis, which is one of the molecular mechanisms of plateau zokor adaption to the hypoxic burrowing environment.

Abstract:Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a highly polymorphic gene family in the vertebrate genome, and its coding products play an important role in the vertebrate immune system. Most of the world's surviving crane (Gruidae) species are threatened due to habitat pollution and destruction. To understand the information of MHC-I sequences of cranes, universal primers were designed to isolate and clone MHC-I sequences from genomic DNA extractions from blood of a common crane (Grus grus) and a wattled crane (Bugeranus carunculatus) in captivity. Two and three sequences of 1 500 bp were isolated respectively from the genomes of G. grus and B. carunculatus, suggesting the existence of at least two MHC-I loci in cranes. All nucleotide sequences could be translated into normal amino acid sequences, indicating that they might execute certain functions (Fig. 1). The mutation rates of nucleotide and amino acid in the antigen binding region were 5.0%, 9.6% for G. grus and 9.1%, 14.6% for B. carunculatus, respectively (Table 2). The antigen binding sites were subject to strong positive selection, as the values of dN/dS were 7.348 8 and 2.145 2 for G. grus and B. carunculatus, respectively (Table 3). Bayesian trees showed that MHC-I sequences did not cluster according to crane species, indicating trans-species polymorphism of MHC-I genes in cranes (Fig. 2). The universal primers and sequences of MHC-I genes obtained here could lay a foundation for further study of conservation genetics of endangered cranes in the future.

Abstract:Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the morphological structure of small intestinal mucosa in embryos of Quail (Coturnix coturnix), Red-billed Gull (Larus ridibundus) and Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus). The results showed that during embryonic development of the quail and the red-billed gull, the morphological structure of the small intestine mucosa experienced three stages. The first stage was from the 10th to 11th day of embryonic development in the quail and from the 13th to 14th day of embryonic development in the red-billed gull (equivalent to 60% of embryonic development), when the small intestine mucosa was ridge-like longitudinal plica (Fig. 1a, d, Fig. 2c); The second stage was from the 12th to 13th day of embryonic development in the quail and from the 15th to 16th day of embryonic development in the red-billed gull (equivalent to 70% of embryonic development), when the small intestine mucosa transformed into "W"-shaped fold (Fig. 1b, 1e, Fig. 2a); The third stage was from the 14th to 17th day of embryonic development in the quail and from the 17th to 22th day of embryonic development in the red-billed gull (equivalent to 80% of embryonic development), when the small intestinal mucosa showed finger-like structure (Fig. 1c, f, Fig. 2b, d). On the 10th day of incubation (equivalent to 60% of embryonic development), the small intestinal mucosa of the black-winged stilt was ridge-like longitudinal plica (Fig. 1g, Fig. 2e); From the 12th day of incubation (equivalent to 70% of embryonic development) to hatching, the small intestinal mucosa of the black-winged stilt maintained "W"-shaped fold (Fig. 1h, Fig. 2f). We preliminarily judge that the regular change of embryonic intestinal mucosal structure of birds belongs to the iterate of ancestral phylogeny.

Abstract:In mid-October 2017, Craspedacustas was found in a pond in Fuquan County, Guizhou Province. It was identified as Craspedacusta sowerbyi by molecular analysis. We observed its growth and testicle development process, then established correlations between width of velum, width of mouth and number of tentacles with its umbrella diameter respectively. As shown in Fig. 1, the female tentacles were slender and extended upward, while the male tentacles were tubbiness-like and vertically downward. In the correlation function analysis as shown in Fig. 5﹣7, R2 values were 0.78, 0.92, 0.92 respectively，r values were 0.88, 0.96, 0.96 respectively, suggesting that there are strong positive correlation between the width of velum, width of mouth, number of tentacles with its umbrella diameter. But remarkably, when the umbrella diameter is greater than or equal to 12 mm, the changes of the three factors are not obvious. The growth of testicles is also consistent with this conclusion. Therefore, when the diameter is less than 12 mm, meaning C. sowerbyi is in developing stage, and the width of velum, width of mouth, number of tentacles and testicles increased with the increase of its diameter, while when the diameter is greater than or equal to 12 mm, the above characters are relatively stable and have little change with the increase of its diameter，meaning that Craspedacusta sowerbyi is in the maturation stage.

Abstract:Snakes are model animals for studying vertebrate energy balance. The gut microbes help the host get energy and nutrients. Currently, researches focused on the captive animals, but little is known about the gut microbes in the wild snakes. We described intestinal microflora in large intestine, small intestine and cloaca in 3 wild Rhabdophis tigrinus by using a V4 region of 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and analyzed the core composition and distribution characteristics of the intestinal microflora. The results showed no significant difference in the diversity of alpha index in different intestinal regions (Table 1). The three intestinal regions shared 534 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs), among which the large intestine contained 388 more unique OTUs (Fig. 3c). At the phylum level, Fusobacteria were found to be dominant in the small intestine (52.87% ± 14.49%), large intestine (41.12% ± 22.60%) and cloaca (65.70% ± 10.44%) (Fig. 1). At the genus level, we indicated that the genus of Cetobacterium had an advantage in all intestinal segments, including the small intestine (46.36% ± 13.86%), large intestine (21.95% ± 9.82%) and cloaca (58.18% ± 14.29%) (Fig. 2), and that Citrobacter showed a significant difference between small intestine and cloaca. In addition, many potentially pathogenic bacteria, for example, Citrobacter, Trichococcus and Erysipelothrix, were detected in the gut, which is helpful for. understanding the distribution of potential pathogens in the intestines of Rhabdophis tigrinus. In cluster analysis, the data repeatability of cloaca samples were well (Fig. 3d) and combined analysis with the Agkistrodon piscivorus data provided the theoretical basis for further comparison analysis of intestinal microflora among different snake species (Fig. 4).

Abstract:From 2010 to 2019, total of 48 species birds of Charadriiformes were recorded at the Yalujiang estuary and Liaohe estuary wetland, by the bird researchers and birdwatchers. Of them, the Little Stint (Calidris minuta), the Long-billed Dowitcher (Limnodromus scolopaceus), the Pectoral Sandpiper (C. melanotos) and the Ruff (C. pugnax) are new bird distribution records for the Liaoning Province.

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