Abstract:Habitat assessment is a study to determine the scope and characteristics of a habitat through the analysis of requirements of a species and suitability for the local environment, which provide an important base for the protection of rare and endangered animals. In this study we used the drop data of Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) collected in Gansu during the Fourth Survey of Second-class Inventory as the indicator of habitat used and the Inventory data of Forest Resource in Gansu as the habitat availability to evaluate the habitat suitability in Gansu Province. We selected bamboo distribution, vegetation type, altitude, slope, aspect, roads and residential locations as criteria and indicators to establish the evaluating system. Through our systematic research result, we also produced a habitat quality map of Giant Panda in Gansu province with Arcgis10.2. The overall habitat size in Gansu province was as large as 445 611 hm2 located in four separated locations named Baishuijiang Unit, Gannan Unit, Jianshan Unit, and Xiqinling Unit. The suitable and marginally suitable habitat in the four Units was account to 45.22% (201 505 hm2) and 24.55% (109 408 hm2), respectively. It indicated a good quality of the habitat in Gansu Province. Among the four habitat units, Baishuijiang Nature Reserve owned the largest suitable habitat, while Gannan ranked second. The best habitat located in Wenxian (Wen County), followed by Zhouqu. The most proportion (88.72%) ofsuitable habitat located in Nature Reserve and the Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve covered the largest suitable habitat among all the Nature Reserves, and the next was Chagangliang Provincial Nature Reserve.

Abstract:The Beal′s eyed turtle (Sacalia bealei) is critically endangered in China. We conducted a study on their population distribution and habitat selection at Huboliao National Nature Reserve in Fujian Province (24°30′05″N﹣24°56′20″N, 117°12′42″E﹣117°22′45″E) from August 2014 to October 2015 by cage trapping method based on the knowledge we got from the local people. The relative population density of Beal′s eyed turtle was 0.003/cage day. Five turtles were captured from the stream primary tributary and no any individuals were captured in the main stream and secondary tributary. We set 30 plots with 10 ×10 m2 each to collect the habitat characteristics in the the main stream, primary and second tributary to compare the variation of 21 ecological factors between them. The ecological factors such as number of woody plant species, thickness of deciduous leaves, percentage of exposed stones, slope and water depth were analyzed by One-way ANOVA, vegetation type, soil type, substrate type and obscured object type were analyzed by Chi-square test, while woody plant density, crown density, number of benthos species, number of benthos density, distance to human disturbance, elevation, number of stone caves, flow water speed, stream width, fruiter abundance, number of herbage species and herbage density were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis Test with the paired-comparisons. A significant difference was detected for 13 factors between the primary tributary and main stream, and for 16 factors between the primary and secondary tributary (Table 1). These result indicated that the Beal′s eyed turtle prefer the habitat of primary tributary due to it providing a larger shelters, more plentiful fruiter, more ovipositing sites and far from human disturbance. The habitat of the primary tributary had following characteristics: longer distance to human disturbance (250.17 ± 27.03 m), medium elevation (276﹣389 m), mild slope (18.50° ± 2.21°), medium water depth (3.86 ± 0.17 m), larger canopy density (50.10% ± 3.56%), higher fruiter abundance (1.40 ± 0.20 ind/m2), deeper deciduous leaves (4.97 ± 0.16 cm), more stony substrate, more stone caves (0.26 ± 0.02 /m2) ,more percentage of exposed stones (47.10% ± 2.27%), higher density (5.03 ± 0.35 ind/m2) and species richness of benthos (3.97 ± 0.26 /m2). In order to assure the sustainable survival of Beal′s eyed turtle, we provided conservation suggestions, such as forest conservation and anti-poaching would be conducted immediately.

Abstract:The relationship between predator and prey is one of the hot topics in ecological research. To study the quantitative relationship between rodents and hawks in typical steppe, we investigated the density of rodents and hawks at 15 experimental areas in Abagaqi, Xilinguole League, Inner Mongolia during July 2005. By using standard killing trap method, we estimated the density of rodents; at the same time, we observed and counted the density of hawks. Altogether 2 675 rodents were captured, and hawks were observed for 450 times (Table 1). The regression analysis showed that the density of rodents had significantly impact on the density of hawks. This relationship between rodents and hawks, which is in line with the sigmoidal S-shaped curve, can be fitted by Gompertz model, W = 22.765 e - 3.735 e - 0.078 t, goodness-of-fit (R2) is 0.984 (Fig. 1a). The growth of hawks was extremely slow at the initial stage, then rapidly increased to maximal value as the rodent density increase until an inflexion was showed. After then hawk density kept stable (Fig. 1b). This finding is agree with the viewpoint that the numerical response of vertebrate predators to preys could be simulated by the models of Holling-Ⅲ. According to our results, the functional response can be roughly divided into three stages: (1) the steady phase, that the activity of hawks slowly grows as the density of rodents increases; (2) the rapid reaction phase, hawks increase their activiey rapidly as rodents density exceeds 5 ind/hm2; (3) the stable platform phase, the activity frequency of hawks is stable when the density of rodents reaches about 40 ind/hm2 and over. Our results can provide reference for the rodent density controlling by their natural enemies.

Abstract:Abstract: Buff-throated partridge Tetraophasis szechenyii is an animal unique to China and is listed as the CategoryⅠspecies of nationally protected animals of China. Studying the roosting habitat of buff-throated partridge during the course of winter can help us to understand it’s survival strategies in severe environment, and also can provide very important suggestions in work about conservations. Between September 2006 and April 2007, we carried out field investigation by using pedestrian tracking and radio tracking in Pamuling, Yajiang County, Ganzi autonomous prefecture, Sichuan province, China. We measured 16 environmental factors (Table 1- Habitat factors and explanations). We used Chi-square tests to examine selection differences in tree species of Abies squamata and Larix potaninii Batalin var. macrocarpa, and pared sample t-tests to examine habitat differences between roosting and random quadrats. The results showed that: (1) Buff-throated partridges had no significant difference in selecting two tree species of Abies squamata and Larix potaninii Batalin var. macrocarpa (χ2 = 0.745 , df = 1 , P = 0.388); (2) Roosting trees selected, on average, were 25.8 ± 1.3 cm in diameter at breast height, where buff-throated partridges perched on branches with 6.3 ± 0.3 m in height and 3.3 ± 0.1 cm in diameter at the base; (3) Compared to random quadrats, roosting habitats were closer to the nearest forest edge, with larger trees, opener understory, and more logs, where roosting trees relatively large and farther to other trees with larger diameter at breast height (Table 2-Comparing results on winter habitat factors between roosting and random quadrats of buff-throated partridges). Finally, we used Logistic regressions to find key factors in determining roosting habitat selection. The results revealed that the lowest branch of roosting trees was a primary factor in determining roosting habitat selection, with the secondary factors being number of logs, average diameter at breast height of trees, and the distance to the nearest forest edge (Table 3-Factors selected from Logistic regression and its significance). The model we built had the correct prediction rate of 80.9%. Based on the results, we suggest winter roosting habitat selection by buff-throated partridge as a result of safety, energy saving and site-shifting.

Abstract:To study the growth characters of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) in Wudalianchi Lake, 223 individuals were sampled in 2013 and 2014 respectively. Age was determined through the scale annuli and body length and body weight were back-calculated (Table 2). Von Bertalanffy growth equation were fitted to analyses the growth of body length and body weight. Calculation of increment rate and growth indexes of body length of Aristichthys nobilis by Yin Mingcheng′s methods (1995).Statistic analysis of all data were taken by Microsoft excel 2003 and SPSS 19. Results showed the mean body length and body weight of the sample were 54.61cm and 3280.53g respectively. Age of the fishes was identified to six age classes (3+﹣8+ years old) and individuals of 5+ years old was dominated with frequency of 50.67% (Table 1).The relationship between body length and body weight could be expressed as: （n=223, R=0.974）(Fig. 1). The VBGF growth formula of Aristichthys nobilis in Wudalianchi Lake as follows: ； (Fig.2). Growth rate and acceleration growth rate equation of body length were and , respectively (Fig.3). Meanwhile the growth rate and acceleration growth rate equation of body weight were and ,respectively (Fig. 4). Growth rate curve of body length has no inflexion(Fig. 4), i.e. growth rate of body length declined as age increased. Growth rate curve of body weight has an inflexion, and the age, body length and body weight corresponding to the inflexion are 7.61, 63.94cm and 5012.82g respectively. The growth parameter ? of Aristichthys nobilis were compared between different areas. Compared with the populations in other waters, the population in Wudalianchi Lake growed slowly (Table 4). The growth of Aristichthys nobilis should be mainly affected by both biotic and abiotic factors such as water temperature, food organism density. The key measure to effectively improve the growth rate of Aristichthys nobilis is to reduce stocking density.

Abstract:Many studies on free-living marine nematodes were carried out in Chinese seas, but the taxonomic diversity of nematodes was seldom reported. A benthic survey with fifteen stations was conducted in Tianjin offshore (Fig. 1) in spring 2007, and the taxonomic distinctness of nematodes was analyzed based on the nematode samples. A total of 87 nematode species belonging to 2 classes, 2 subclasses, 5 orders, 7 suborders, 14 families and 39 genera were identified in this cruise, excluding the juvenile and incomplete individuals. The majority of nematodes belonged to Chromadorea, which included 74 species and accounted for about 85% of all nematode species. Two taxonomic indices, the average taxonomic distinctness index (Δ+) and the variation in taxonomic distinctness (Λ+) of nematode assemblage, were calculated with PRIMER software. The results of Δ+ and Λ+ in each station were listed in Table 1. The theoretical average value of Δ+ and Λ+ were 60.5 and ca. 420, respectively. The values of Δ+ varied with station, which ranged from 49.8 to 63.0; the fluctuation of Λ+ was huge, from 233 to 514. The two indices indicated that the nematode assemblages had big changes along with the station. The funnel plots, Fig. 2 and 3, showed that the taxonomic distinctness of nematode assemblages was lower in the coastal southwest area, indicating that the environment was disturbed. The taxonomic distinctness of nematodes in these four stations was affected by some chemical factors, and was related to the particle size and chlorophyll a content of sediment, too. Compared with four traditional diversity indices, the average taxonomic distinctness index was more sensitive to environmental difference. The results indicated that Δ+ and Λ+ were good indices to reflect the variations of nematode assemblage and environment.

Abstract:Three species of crustacean zooplankton i.e. Daphnia carinata, Eucyclops serrulatus, Dolerocypris sinensis,Sand Brachionus calyciflorus were cultured at seven initial densities with Brachionus calyciflorus inoculated at density of 0.35 ind/mL. The controls were made by mono-culturing of these species at corresponding inoculating densities, respectivly. The results showed that the population of B.calyciflorus was suppressed by all of the three species of crustacean zooplankton. The suppression enhanced with initial inoculation densities of them and caused extinction of the B.calyciflorus at the end of some cultures. The population of D.carinata, E. serrulatus, and D. sinensisSchanged differently, however, compared with their respective controls, as they were cultured with the B.calyciflorus. For D. carinata, the population was inhibited by the B. calyciflorus at lower inoculation densities and the inhibition became negligible with increase of the inoculation densities. This suggested a competitive relationship between the D. carinata and the D. carinata, and the D. carinata was superior to the B.calyciflorus in this relations. Different in behavior from that of the D. carinata, both of the E. errulatus and the D. sinensisSwere promoted in population as they were cultured with the B.calyciflorus. The extent of promotion for the D. sinensis was found higher the extent for the E. errulatus. Result of present study denied existence of competitive relation between E.errulatus and B.calyciflorus and between D. sinensis and B.calyciflorus.

Abstract:Gansu zokor (Eospalax cansus) is a small mammal that spends all their lives underground in sealed burrows. To explore the digestive strategies and the regulation in the natural environment, and to understand the plasticity of the digestive tract, the seasonal changes of digestive tract were measured at organ and tissue levels, respectively. The results were as follows: there was not significant seasonal difference between the total length and the gross including contents of digestive tract. Both the fresh and dry weight of the total tracts and various organs were highest in spring, the contents weight were higher in autumn. The organizational structure showed the significant difference in different seasons, the thickness of mucosa, muscular layer and height of intestinal villus were highest in spring. The results indicated that the major factors for Eospalax cansus to adapt to the relatively stable underground environment are the plastic changes and increasing intestinal weights, Incresing the length of digestive organs for its energy is unnecessery.

Abstract:To investigate the effect of Shandan Sphallerocarpus racills polysaccharide (SRP) on the urgent hepatic injury in mice (Mus musculus) induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)，50 mice were gavaged with 0.2 ml SRP at different concentrations (12.5，25.0，37.5g/L) or physiological saline for 7 days，and intraperitoneally injected with 0.2 ml CCl4 solution (1% in olive oil) at the last day, the mice were sacrificed 16 h later. The morphological changes of hepatic tissues were observed under microscopy，the activities of plasma Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)，Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined by colorimetry，the expression change of Transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1) in liver tissue were determined by immunohistochemical method．The dates were processing with spss 13.0. The results expressed in Mean ± SD. Results showed that contrast with the natural control group, the body weights are decreased in the experimental control group(Table 1), activities of plasma ALT，AST are significantly increased in the experimental control group（P < 0.01）（Table 2），the livers tissue structure are tumefaction clearly，liver cells are necrosis and seriously vacuolation in the experimental control group（Fig. 1），the positive expression of TGF-β1 in hepatic tissues are significantly increased (P< 0.01) in the experimental control group（Table 3）．However，contrast with the experimental control group, the body weights in the SRP groups are significantly increased（Table 1），the activity of plasma ALT，AST in the SRP groups are significantly decreased（P < 0.01）（Table 2），the liver have no obvious swelling，hepatic cord are clear，inflammatory necrosis are rarely，the liver celluar stucture are clear in the SRP groups（Fig. 1），the positive expression of TGF-β1 are decreased significantly（P < 0.01）in the SRP groups（Table 3）. Indicate that SRP may enhance the cellular activity，accelerate economy metabolism，and reduce cellular languish，protect the liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride in mice．

Abstract:Fecal bacteria from Anser indicus in Qinghai Lake were isolated and identified by colonial morphology observation, biochemical properties tests, amplification of 16S rRNA genes by PCR and sequences analysis. The resistance of isolates to 13 drugs were evaluated either. The results shows that 123 bacteria strains which belongs to 10 genus were isolated from 30 feces, they were Escherichia coli，Rahnella aquatilis, Enterococcus mundtii, Bacillus sublitis, Arthrobacter citreus, Shewanella pulrefaciens, Enterobacter amnigenus, Pantoea agglomerans, Aeromonas salmonicida, Klebsiella oxytoca respectively. Among these bacteria, Rahnella aquatilis, Aeromonas salmonicida and Pantoea agglomerans were multidrug resistant, and other bacteria were resistant to Ampicillin and tetracycline. The results obtained from this study indicated that Anser indicus would take amounts of pathogen which exhibit antibiotic resistance. It is of great value to the surveillance of wildlife disease, and provides references to study the antibiotic resistance mechanicsm of bacteria in wild birds.

Abstract:Fas, FasL and P53 are important modulators in cell apoptosis. The expression pattern of Fas, FasL and P53 proteins during the embryonic and post embryonic development of Tianfu duck thymus were studied in order to deeply understand the regulatory mechanism of natural apoptosis of thymocytes. 65 Tianfu ducks were divided into 13 groups as follows: 22, 24 and 26 days embryonic stage, and 0 (neonatal stage), 3, 5, 8, 14, 17, 20, 26, 29 and 32 weeks after hatching. Thymic tissue from each group was collected, and immediately fixed in 4 % paraformaldehyde. After fixation for 24 h, tissues were dehydrated, paraffin-embedded, sectioned at 5 μm, and stained with immunohistochemistry. Sections were observed under light microscope and microscopic analyses were performed. Results showed that Fas protein was distributed in the thymic lymphocytes (figure 1a-d). The Fas positive ratios of lymphocytes showed no significant changes during the embryonic stage (P > 0.05). However, the values increased at the neonatal stage (P < 0.05) and kept stable until 17 weeks after hatching (P > 0.05), and then showed an increased tendency from 20 to 32 weeks (table 1). The FasL protein was observed in the thymic lymphocytes and epithelial cells (figure 1e-g). The FasL positive ratios of lymphocytes presented no significant changes during the embryonic and post embryonic development (P > 0.05) (table 1). The P53 protein was expressed in the thymic lymphocytes of cortex and the epithelial cells of medulla from 8 to 32 weeks (figure 1h-k). The P53 positive ratios of lymphocytes revealed no significant variations between each group (P > 0.05) (table 2). This study indicated that Fas, FasL and P53 proteins showed different expression pattern in the development of Tianfu duck thymus.

Abstract:Scanning electron microscope was used to examine the microdermatoglyphic structures of the dorsal scales of eight species of colubridae snakes, which were collected from Yunnan Province (Table 1). Species are Brown netted keelbacks(Hebius johannis), Khasi keelbacks(Hebius khasiensis),Eight lined keelbacks(Hebius octolineatum), Boulenger’s Keelbacks(Hebius parallelum), Bhamo Tree Snakes(Dendrelaphis subocularis), Big-eyed Mountain Keelbacks(Pseudoxenodon macrops), Tiger groove-necked keelbacks(Rhabdophis tigrinus), and Chinese Kukri Snakes(Oligodon chinensis), all the specimens preserved in the zoological museum of Southwest Forestry University. We chose one individual for each species and examined 3 dorsal scales at neck, back, and rear respectively. Totally, five kinds of microstructures were found on the scales that were keel, longitudinal ridge, thin ridge, vertical stripe, and pore. The characteristics of these microstructures varied among these species (Table 2). Six species had keeled scales, but not on Bhamo Tree Snake and Chinese Kukri Snake. The longitudinal ridge was longer than 100 ?m on 7 speciess, but shorter than 100 ?m on Big-eyed Mountain Keelback. The thin ridge was only found on Bhamo Tree Snake and Boulenger’s Keelback. The vertical stripe showed U-shape on 7 snakes but was wave-shape on Bhamo Tree Snake. The position and structure of the pores differed significantly among these species, but more densely distributed on Bhamo Tree Snake, Big-eyed Mountain Keelback, and Tiger groove-necked keel-back. The microdermatoglyphic structures of Bhamo Tree Snake were the most complex (Fig. 1) that might due to the humid tropical rainforest they lived in.

Abstract:To reveal the basic characteristics of the digestive system of Tsinling dwarf skink (Scincella tsinlingensis), gross anatomy, paraffin section, H.E staining and Grimelius silver staining were used to observe the histomorphology of digestive system, the distribution density and the morphology of argyrophil cells in digestive tube. Statistical analysis is performed using Duncan multiple comparison test (SPSS 17.0 software). The H.E staining shows that in addition to the tongue, the tissue structure of digestive tube can be divided into mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and adventitia. The tube’s thickness of the pyloric part of stomach is the thickest (221.03 ± 5.94 μm) (Fig. 2e) and the duodenum is the thinnest (63.59 ± 1.17 μm) (Fig. 2f). The number of mucosal fold is different among digestive tubes. There are 17 - 20 folds in jejunum (Fig. 2h), followed by ileum (15 - 17) (Fig. 2i) and duodenum (11 - 13) (Fig. 2f). The thickness of muscularis is also different in different part of the digestive tube, and the pyloric part of stomach is the thickest (145.19 ± 3.27 μm) (Fig. 2e). There are many gastric glands lies in the lamina propria of the gastric mucos, such as cardiac gland, fundic gland and pyloric gland (Fig. 2c-e) and some intestinal glans in the lamina propria of the duodenum (Fig. 2f). Moreover, the epithelium mucosa of duodenum contains a little amount of goblet cells (Fig. 2g). The hepar parenchyma is composed of liver cells and the boundaries among hepatic lobule are not distinct. Some blood sinus, pigment cells, interlobular veins and interlobular bile ducts can be observed in the hepar’s connective tissue (Fig. 3a, b). The islets of pancreas are poorly developed (Fig. 3c). The Grimelius silver staining showes that argyrophil cells were widely distributed in the digestive tube except pharynx (Fig. 4a). The argyrophil cells are mainly distributed in the lamina propria, mucosal epithelium and glandular epithelium (Fig. 4). The shapes of argyrophil cells display cone-shape, oval, round or other irregular shapes (Fig. 4). The density of argyrophil cells in the body of stomach is the highest (16.80 ± 1.24), and the jejunum is the lowest (1.40 ± 0.24). There is extremely significant difference between the two parts (P＜0.01) (Table. 1). Compared with most reptiles, the digestive system of the Tsinling dwarf skink shows little structural difference. The distribution and morphology of argyrophil cells in the digestive tube are likely consistent with their function in S. tsinlingensis.

Abstract:Development and distribution of mucous cells in digestive tract of larval and juvenile (0﹣50 day-old) Paramisgurnus dabryanus was observed and analyzed by the method of histological sections and AB-PAS histochemical staining techniques. Three sections of larvae and juveniles digestive tract were chosen. Ten visions were random selected for measuring the number and size of mucous cells With Image-Pro Plus. All the measured dates were compared with one-way ANOVA using spss19.0. The level of significant difference was set at P < 0.05. The results indicated that there were four types of mucous cells (I, II, III, IV) in digestive tract of P. dabryanus (Fig 1). Mucous cells initially appeared in buccopharyngeal cavity and esophagus at 4 day-old. At 5 day-old, the type of mucous cells in buccopharyngeal cavity and esophagus was mainly II type, and the shape of them were globular or capsular (Fig 1a, b). Mucous cells initially appeared in anterior and middle intestine at 8 day-old, and type of them were I and III type (Fig 1c, d). The type of mucous cells in posterior intestine were mainly II type, and the shape of them were globular (Fig1e).There was a rapid increase of the number of mucous cells in buccopharyngeal cavity and esophagus between 10 and 15 day-old (Table 1). At 15 day-old, mucous cells were widespread in buccopharyngeal cavity and esophagus，and shape of them mainly was rod or globular (Fig 1f, g). The number of all type mucous cells in intestine increased significantly between 15 and 20 day-old (Table 1). Mucous cells were widespread in digestive tract after 20 day-old. Shape of most mucous cells in anterior and middle intestine were rod or capsular, while mucous cells’ shape in posterior intestine were globular or capsular at 20 day-old (Fig 1h ~ j). As the growth of larvae, mucous cells in digestive tract were mainly III and IV types. With larval and juvenile development, intestinal epithelial mucin PAS and AB (pH 2.5 and 1.0) reactions were gradually increased, indicating that the acidic and neutral mucilage of digestive tract secretion increased. And the AB (pH 2.5 and 1.0) reaction strength of anterior intestine and posterior intestine was higher than middle intestine (Table 2). Size of mucus cell in digestive tract is gradually increased. Larvae mucus cells in esophagus were largest in the same day-old, followed by Buccopharyngeal cavity, and were larger than mucous cells in the each part of intestinal (Table 3). At 5-15 day-old, secretion capability of mucus cell in esophagus was stronger than the other part of digestive tract (P < 0.05) (Fig 2). Secretion capability of mucus cell in anterior intestine increased significantly during 10-15 day-old (P < 0.05) (Fig 2). After 15 day-old, Secretion capability of mucus cell in posterior intestine increased significantly. In 20 day-old, secretion capability of mucus cell in middle intestine was weaker than anterior and posterior intestine (P < 0.05) (Fig 2).According to our researches, the sensitive periods of the development of larval and juvenile P. dabryanus were 5﹣10 day-old and 15﹣20 day-old, respectively. Digestive function gradually developed consummately after 20 day-old. In order to improvesurvival rate, it was necessary to strengthen larvae and juveniles daily feeding and management from 5 to 20 day-old.

Abstract:IIn order to understand the nutritional components and quality in muscle of fish Takifugu flavidus, Takifugu obscurus and their hybrid F1 generation,we took 9 tails them to measure the contents of crude protein,crude fat, moisture, ash and amino acids in the muscle as well as the growth rate. compared to their parents, the hybrid individuals grew significantly faster than their parents; their weight of hybrid indiwiduals increased by 148%-177%,showing a marked hybrid vigour . The muscle of crossbreed F1 had lower crude fat content thanthat of its parents, while the moisture and crude protein content was similar (P＞0.05.Total of 16 amino acids were detected in the muscle samples of hybrid F1 and the content showed significant difference except(P＜0.05)except Try and Cys,The total amino acids in T. obscurus (♀) ×T. flavidus (♂) were higher than that in T. flavidus and lower than that in T. obscurus ,while the T. flavidus (♀) × T. obscurus (♂) had highest content of total amino acids. There was no significant difference between crossbreed F1 and T. obscurus in total essential amino acids (P＞0.05),while the difference between crossbreed F1 and T. flavidus was significant (P＜0.05).The composition of total tasty amino acids in the muscle of thecrossbreed F1 of T. flavidus(♀) ×T. obscures(♂) was 26.68% which was significantly higher than that in T. flavidus(22.88%) and T. obscures(25.20%),while the total tasty amino acids in crossbreed F1 of T. obscurus (♀) ×T. flavidus (♂)(23.30%) was higher thanthat in T. flavidus and lower than in T. obscures.Our results showed that the muscle in the crossbreed F1, especially the T. flavidus(♀) ×T. obscures(♂) crossbreed, had higher essential amino acids and tasty amino acids, and it minght be a new promising candidate for aquaculture.

Abstract:Although trash fish is the major traditional diets for the current pond culture of swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus, feeding formulated diets are the future trend for the sustainable culture of P. trituberculatus. However, no available information could be found on the comparison of culture performance for feeding formulated diets and trash fish to pre-adult P. trituberculatus. By the individuals culture technique and biochemical analysis, this study was therefore conducted to investigate the effects of formualted diets (FD), trash fish (TF) and pig lung (PL) on the survival, molting, growth and biochemical composition of pre-adult P. trituberculatus (initial mean wet weight was around 70g). All statistical anlysis was performed using SPSS 17.0 software. Homogeneity of variance was tested by Levene’s test. When necessary, arcsine or square root were performed for the percentage data prior to analysis. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for experimental data, and the Tukey s-b(K) test was used for multiple comparisons. The results are shown as the followings: (1) The diets had the significant effects on survival of pre-adult P. trituberculatus. FD treatment had the highest survival (90%) while the lowest survival (43%) was recorded in TF treatment (Table 3), and most of death was because of molting death syndrome (MDS). (2) FD treatment had the the shortest molting period, the highest percentage of crabs finished two molting during the culture experiment, the highest final body weight and specific growth rate (SGR) among the three treatments while the TF treatment had the lowest culture performance (Table 3). (3) Although FD treatment had the higher hepatopancreatic index than the other treatments, there was no significant difference among the three treatments (Table 3). (4) The diets had the significant effects on the proximate compositions of pre-adult P. trituberculatus (Table 3). The hepatopancreas and muscle of TF treatment had the lowest moisture content, but the highest contents of the other proximate compositions among the three treatments, while the contents of proximate compositions were similar for the other two treatments (Table 4). The fatty acid composition of hepatopancrea and muscle was significantly affected by the dietary fatty acids. TF treatment had the highest levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids while PL treatment had the highest levels of saturated fatty acids and mono- unsaturated fatty acids (Table 5,Table 6). Overall, TF treatment had the lowest relative retention rate of DHA(22:6n3) and EPA(20:5n3), but PL treatment had the highest relative retention rate of these two fatty acids (Table 7). In conclusion, the developed formualted diet could improve the culture performance for the pre-adult P. trituberculatus, which could be used to replace wildly used trash fish for a certain extent in the pond culture of P. trituberculatus.

Abstract:To study the distribution change of acetylcholinesterase(AChE) of Aspidogaster conchicola reproductive organ in different development stages and explore the roles of neurotransmitter Ach in the trematode reproductive activity，Aspidogaster conchicola was collected from the Anodonta and was divided into larval stage groups and adult stage groups according to internal strucutre of the trematode under microscope after maked into living body tabletting. The acetic acid Carmine staining and the histochemical staining were used to display the distribution of AChE in two stages of the trematode and distributional difference of AChE was contrasted. The result displayed the testicles and penis sac of the trematode first appears positive reaction,followed by the vitelline gland, the fallopian tubes and the last paragraph of uterus. And its attached, digestive and excretory organs appear the AChE positive reaction in the early stage and its whole development process. The brain ganglion and ventral nerve trunk is clearly visible at each stage of the trematode and the central nerve structure is the most perfect in the maturing stage. It hint neurotransmitter Ach may participate in the trematode reproductive activity.

Abstract:The blinded method, which is commonly used in clinical medicine, pharmacology and psychology, aims to avoid the subjective bias by observers such as expectation. However, such method has largely been neglected in the studies of animal behavior. Recent reviews found that most studies, which blinded methods were needed, did not perform an experiment with blinding design. The effect size of such studies were significantly larger than which the blinded methods were used. Here we introduced the blinded methods and emphasized their role in the studies of animal behavior. We also illustrated the application of this method and provided suggestions for the studies of animal behavior in the future.

Abstract:On April 14, 2014, more than 3 000 relict gull (Larus relictus) were found at Kangba Noel Lake National Wetland Park in Kangbao, Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province. In July 2014, foraging fledglings were observed by the lake. In April 2015, relict gulls were found nesting at the Lake Island. In June of the same year, the number of relict gull on lake island was investigated by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle（UAV）and sampling, 806 nests, 2 080 fledglings and more than 2 100 adults were recorded. Relict Gull is a first class national protected animals and VU classification in China's endangered species red book. This record was a new found of relict gull breeding distribution in our country.

Abstract:By the method of line Transect, 25 specimens of amphibian species with similar morphological characteristics were collected in Sancha River of Xishui National Nature Reserve（106°25′03.72″E，28°30′43.67″N，1 087 m）during the resource survey in July and August, 2010, and the specimens were identified as Hejiang Spilly-bellied Frog（Quasipaa robertingeri）, belongs to Anura order, Dicroglossidae family and Quasipaa genus. This species is a new recorded in Guizhou Province. The specimen was preserved in the Biology Herbarium of Ecological Research Centre of Guiyang University.

Abstract:Four mating combinations of Hyriopsis cumingii inclouding white♂×white♀(WW), white♂×purple♀(WP), purple♂×white♀(PW) and purple♂×purple♀(PP) were established by diallel crossing of white and purple selected strains, and then the number of offspring whose nacre color separation occurs was count and analysed by Chi-square test. The results showed that the nacre color of white inbred offspring was all white, no occurrence of color separation; In hybrid offspring, the color separation appeared two kind of situations. The offspring of one situation were all purple nacre color, and the other entirely different one were color separation occurrence, with the segregation of purple and white individual fits a ratio of 1:1; In purple inbred offspring, the color separation appeared two kind of situations too. The offspring of one situation were all purple nacre color, and the other entirely different one were color separation occurrence, with the ratio of purple and white segregating individual was 3:1. It indicated that shell nacre color of H. cumingii which can be inherited stably was controlled by genes, and it belong to qualitative trait. The purple nacre color trait was dominant over white nacre color, and the two kinds of color traits there were no maternal inheritance. The white individual was recessive homozygote, which purified breeding was more easily, while the purple individual may be homogeneous or heterogeneous, so purified breeding was relatively difficult.

Abstract:Wind energy in addressing greenhouse gas emissions and high energy reliance is considered to be a stable strategy. However, wind power construction has a negative effect on nature conservation, environment and survival of wild animals, especially for the avian species. It is reported that millions of birds being killed by wind turbine every year around the world, the wind farm may also affect migratory birds and habitat utilization. Wind farms located on the route of migratory birds could bring enormous threats to bird migration, also, wind farm development could cause much habitat reduce and make the birds facing greater threats. Specific geographical conditions, the environment of wind farms and the characteristics of bird species are the main causes of the bird collision. Reasonable siting of wind farm before construction, the proper use of mitigation measures and compensation measures after the construction can effectively reduce the impact of wind power development on birds and other wildlife. This paper mainly introduce the influences of American and European wind farms on birds, summarize the causes, and discuss the strategies on how to reduce bird collisions in wind farms.

Abstract:Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which may replace embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and have great application potential in drug screening, regenerative medicine, etc. Since the iPSCs development by retroviral transduction of a defined set of transcription factors into fibroblasts (mF) was first reported in 2006 in mouse (Mus musculus), more new strategies have been developed to improve and refine the reprogramming technology. Recent technology of RNAs-mediated iPSCs becomes an emerging research hotspot which provides an optimism for the generation of safe iPSCs without any genomic modification. RNAs-mediated iPSCs technology includes the application of modified mRNAs, miRNAs, siRNAs and lncRNAs. In this paper, the research progress of various RNAs-mediated iPSCs technologies are reviewed, including the advantages, deficiencies and the improvement of these techniques, so as to provide references for the development and application of iPSCs technology.

Abstract:There has been little information on reproductive biology of the genus Seicercus. From April to August 2015, observations on breeding ecology of Chestnut-crowned Warbler (Seicercus castaniceps) were made in Kuankuoshui National Nature Reserve, Guizhou, Southwestern China. The results based on camera monitoring of four nests showed that Chestnut-crowned Warbler started their reproduction from May to July, and all nests found were ball shaped with dome and made of fresh moss and fine roots, which were built on the inner side of soil ridge along the road. The clutch size of Chestnut-crowned Warbler was 4.50±0.57 , with incubation period being 12~13 days, and nestling period 13~14 days. Both the female and the male fed nestlings. Nesting success was up to 100% and hatching success was 88.9% (16 out of 18 eggs), with fledging success being 3.25 neslings per nest.

Abstract:Bean goose (Anser fabalis) Found in Naidong County, Tibet, China

Abstract:On October 31, 2015 in Nenjiang County, Heilongjiang Province, Gaofeng Forest Farm reservoir bird banding sites caught the Godlewski's Bunting(Emberiza godlewskii)is Heilongjiang Province new records of birds.

Abstract:It was reported that Long-billed Murrelet (Brachyramphus perdix) had been accidentally found in Lushun,Liaoning and Qingdao, Shandong. Three individuals had been captured and stuffed respectively in Heilongjiang, Jilin and Fujian. On January 16, 2016,more than 20 Long-billed Murrelets have been recorded during our bird-watching voyage from Lian island (34°45'46'N, 119°27'5'E) to Cheniushan island (34°58'20'N, 119°48'45'E) in lianyungang, jiangsu, China. We supposed that Long-billed Murrelet is accidental winter resident in the Yellow Sea, near Lianyungang, a new record of bird species in Jiangsu Province.

Abstract:Hodgson’s Hawk-Cuckoo (Cuculus nisicolor) and Plaintive Cuckoo (Cacomantis merulinus) were found in Changqing National Nature Reserve, Shaanxi, Central China

Abstract:Two Slaty-backed Flycatchers (Ficedula hodgsonii) were observed on June 22, 2015 in Tuoliang National Nature Reserve of Pingshan County, Hebei Province. It was the first record of this species in Hebei Province, China.

Abstract:A new record species—Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii－to Yunnan province has been discovered during a field survey at lakeside of Dianchi, China, May 25, 2015.