Abstract:The activity pattern of wild animals are influenced by both the external environment and the internal physiological mechanism. The research on the activity pattern of wild animals is one of the bases of scientific conservation. Daily activity rhythm and activity intensity of six reintroduced Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis) have been studied by radio-telemetry in Songjiang Punan Woodland and Shanghai Binjiang Forest Park. Through radio tracking, individuals were located by the walk-in technique. All movement fixes were processed by Locate III and ArcGIS Map 9.2. We analyzed the impact of human activities on the activity pattern of the deer. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test the normality of data and Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the mean activity intensity of different individuals, day and night, and different seasons. The results showed that in Songjiang Punan Woodland, the average activity intensity of the three deer was 144.88 m/h. The activity intensity in the daytime was slightly higher than that at night, and decreased from summer to the next spring (Table.1).,The activity intensity of spring was significantly lower than other seasons by Mann-Whitney U test. The activity intensity of June was the highest and March was the lowest (Fig.1). The individual mean activity intensity of the deer also decreased from June to March (Fig.2). Two obvious activity peaks were found in the morning (5:00 ~ 8:00) and the evening (18:00 ~ 21:00). Another small peak was found after noon (13:00 ~ 15:00) (Fig.3 and Fig.4). The small active peak before dawn could only be found in autumn. The deer showed a clearer crepuscular behaviour in summer and autumn (Fig.5). In Shanghai Binjiang Forest Park, the average activity intensity of the three deer was 69.90 m/h. The activity intensity in the daytime was slightly lower than that at night (Table.2). It was significantly higher in winter than in spring, and decreased from December to May (Fig.6 and Fig.7). The deer didn’t show clear crepuscular behaviour (Fig.8). The activity peak was only found near midday (9:00 ~ 11:00), especially for the male in winter (Fig.9 and Fig.10). It was assumed that artificial feeding, tourists and other human activities had influenced the activity pattern of the released deer.

Abstract:This study present a new record of bat distribution in Guangdong province, China. 4 small female bats were collected by harp traps in evergreen forest mixed with sparse bamboo in Nature Reserve of Guangdong Fengkai Heishiding in April, 2014. After checked the bats’ characteristics of pelage colour, external morphology, skull and dental, they were identified as Titania’s woolly bat (Kerivoula titania). The dorsal surface hairs are greyish, with black in basal, light grey in mid-parts and dark grey on tips. The ventral surface hairs are black-brown, with black in roots and grey-brown on tips. External morphology with funnel-shaped ears and long-lanceolated tragus, no extra noseleaf structure. Small body with 32.30 ~ 34.11 mm of forearm length and 16.47 ~ 17.72 mm of tibia length, flattened skull with 13.99 ~ 14.59 mm of greatest length and 4.66 ~ 5.17 mm of height. The dental formula of these specimens is 2.1.3.3/3.1.3.3 = 38 (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Table 1). Use Petterson D500x (Sweden) to recording the bats echolocation calls in free flying status indoor and analysed on BatSound v.4.1.4. Use SPSS v.19 to count the analysis results. Their echolocation calls were frequency modulated (FM) with high main frequency 114.3 ± 3.9 kHz, long frequency bandwidth 117.8 ± 12.3 kHz, duration time 1.7 ± 0.3 ms and interval time 12.9 ± 1.3 ms (Fig. 3, Table 2). It is the first time to describe the echolocation calls of this species. The discovery of K. titania in Nature Reserve of Guangdong Fengkai Heishiding represent a new record in Guangdong province, China. These specimens were preserved in School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University.

Abstract:The concentration of some trace elements, such as zinc(Zn), selenium(Se), copper(Cu), molybdenum(Mo), cobalt(Co), chromium(Cr), manganese(Mn), vanadium(V) and nickel(Ni),in various tissue (e.g. heart, kidney, liver, muscle, lung, stomach and intestine) of three female finless porpoise and three male finless porpoise(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)in Yangtze River Estuary were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The result shows that, many trace elements were detected in various tissue or organs except V. The average content of Zn、Cu and Se were most higher than other elements(59.15±33.87、15.85±15.07 and 7.31±5.49μg/g) , the average content of Cr and Mn were take in second place(3.16±2.70 and 2.35±2.94μg/g) , the average content of Co、Mo、Ni and V were in the last one (0.30±0.48、0.19±0.30、0.12±0.18 and 0.04±0.12μg/g). Overall, the trace elements content in the intestine、liver and kidney of finless porpoise is generally higher than other tissues. The concentration of each elements in some different tissue has a significant difference (p<0.05) except chromium(Cr)(p>0.05). The results also shows that some trace element content in different gender of finless porpoise has a certain difference, like the average content of Mn in male is significantly higher than female(p<0.05) and the average content of Cr in female is significantly higher than male(p<0.01).In addition, these elements are not stable in the same tissues of different individuals of finless porpoise. On average, the variation coefficient of trace elements in different individuals was 121.08%.

Abstract:To investigate the differences of digestive ability between yarkand hares(Lepus yarcandensis)and domestic rabbits(Oryctolagus curiculus), and hence to explore the mechanism underlying the adaptability to food environment in yarkand hares, we assayed the following digestive enzyme activities: amylase activity (Iodine starch colorimetric?method), cellulose enzyme activity (3, 5 - 2 nitro salicylic acid method), lipase activity (turbidity method) and trypsin (ultraviolet absorption method), with the samples taken from pancreas and intestinal tract of yarkand hares and domestic rabbits using domestic rabbits as control. The experimental data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 15 software.The results demonstrated that: 1) The amylase activity in intestinal tract of yarkand hares was significantly higher than those of domestic rabbits. Among them, the amylase activity in duodenum, jejunum, ileum of yarkand hares was extremely significantly higher than those of domestic rabbits（P ＜ 0.01）. The amylase activity got the maximum in jejunum of yarkand hares and domestic rabbits. 2) The cellulase activity in intestinal tract of yarkand hares was higher than those of domestic rabbits. Among them, the cellulase activity in cecum of yarkand hares was extremely significantly higher than those of domestic rabbits（P ＜ 0.01）, the cellulase activity in ileum of yarkand hares was significantly higher than those of domestic rabbits（P ＜ 0.05）. The cellulase activity got the maximum in cecum of yarkand hares and domestic rabbits. 3) The lipase activities in pancreas and intestinal tract of domestic rabbits were significantly higher than those of yarkand hares. Among them, the lipase activities in pancreas, duodenum, jejunum, ileum of domestic rabbits were significantly higher than those of yarkand hares（P ＜ 0.05）. Compared with the digestive tract, the lipase activity got the maximum in pancreas of domestic rabbits and yarkand hares, and the lipase activity of jejunum was the highest in intestinal tract. 4) The trypsin activity in pancreas and intestinal tract of domestic rabbits were higher than those of yarkand hares. Among them, the trypsin activity in duodenum and jejunum of domestic rabbits were significantly higher than those of yarkand hares（P ＜ 0.05）. The trypsin activity got the maximum in jejunum of domestic rabbits and yarkand hares. In conclusion, yarkand hares have strong abilities to digest starch and cellulose, but the digestion ability for fat was weak. The amylase and cellulase activities of yarkand hares were higher than those of domestic rabbits, and the lipase and trypsin activities of yarkand hares were lower than those of domestic rabbits.This could be one of the important factors that yarkand hares adapt to the barren and deficient food environment.

Abstract:To date, egg embryonic heart rate in birds has been poorly understood in China. During the breeding season from May to August in 2014, egg embryonic heart rate of Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) and Red-rumped Swallow (Cecropis daurica) in Zhalong National Nature Reserve, Heilongjiang, Northeastern China, were measured using the Buddy Digital Egg Monitor. The results showed that egg embryonic heart rate of both swallows increase with incubation days in general. Embryonic heart rate of the Barn Swallow was significantly lower than that of the Red-rumped Swallow in Day 8 (t=-2.602, P=2.602) and Day 11 to14 (Day 11: t = -2.801, P=0.01; Day 12: t=-2.739, P=0.015; Day 13: t=-4.315, P=0.001; Day 14: t= -6.247, P=0.000). However, there was no difference on daily growth of embronic heart rate between Barn Swallow and Red-rumped Swallow (Barn Swallow: 19.03±3.1 BPM, Red-rumped Swallow: 16.1± 3.4 BPM, t=-2.029, P=0.053). In addition, there was also no correlation between daily growth of embryonic heart rate and egg volume, or egg mass in both species ( Barn Swallow, egg volume: 1.73± 0.09 cm₃, r=0.192, P=0.511; egg mass: 1.74± 0.09 g, r=0.128, P=0.663; Red-rumped Swallow, egg volume: 1.74±0.08 cm₃, r= 0.04, P=0.891; egg mass: 1.51± 0.09 g, r=0.054, P=0.855).

Abstract:With the method of stability water tests, we examined the acute toxicity and their pairwise joint toxicity of metolachlor, kresoxim-methyl and prochloraz-manganese chloride complex to Bufo gargarizans tadpoles. Our results showed that under acute toxicity alone treatments the median lethal concentrations (LC50) of metolachlor, Kresoxim-methyl and prochloraz-manganese chloride complex examined in 24h, 48h and 72h were 29.81, 28.81, 25.83 mg/L; 1.72, 1.46, 1.41 mg/L and 7.43, 3.75, 3.22 mg/L respetively, with their corresponding safety concentration (SC) of 8.07, 0.32 and 0.29 mg/L, respetively. The toxicology of metolachlor were moderately toxic, whereas both Kresoxim-methyl and prochloraz-manganese chloride complex were highly toxic. Under pairwise joint toxicity treatments, we found that the effects of the combination of metolachlor/kresoxim-methyl and metolachlor/prochloraz-manganese chloride complex were moderately toxic, while the combination of Kresoxim-methyl and prochloraz-manganese chloride complex was highly toxic. The LC50 values examined in 24h, 48h and 72h were 18.41, 15.69 and 13.38 mg/L for metolachlor/kresoxim-methyl group, with corresponding values of 15.56, 10.45 and 8.11 mg/L for metolachlor/prochloraz-manganese chloride complex group, 4.17, 2.84 and 2.00 mg/L for kresoxim-methyl/prochloraz-manganese chloride complex group, respetively, and their safe concentration were 3.42, 1.41 and 0.40mg/L. For toxic evaluations of pairwise combinations of the three pesticides, we found that the treatments conducted in metolachlor/ kresoxim-methyl group and kresoxim-methyl /prochloraz-manganese chloride complex at 48h showed antagonistic, the remain treatments showed synergistic. Combined and compared the data previously published, we found that the tadpoles of Bufo gargarizans were highly sensitive to various pollutants. We hoped these results should provide us some valuable scientific references for further investigation of toxicity in anuran species.

Abstract:This research assessed morphology, ovarian development, fecundity, etc. of the breeding population of mosquito fish, Gambusia affinis, found in streams, ponds, and farmlands of Conghua City, Guangdong. It was found that in no matter the water flow or the static water bodies, mosquito fish breeding season were from March to December, and there were more females than males. Female fish in ponds had significantly larger one-year means of body length and body mass than those in farmlands, but in the breeding season,their gonad indexes, brood amounts, body mass relative fecundity were significantly lower than those of farmlands, except for the larger egg sizes. Females in streams in the breeding season had the gonad indexes and body mass relative fecundity between those of ponds and farmlandsbut closer to those of the ponds, they conceived less but larger eggs.The results showed that there were different reproductive characteristics in different groups of G. affinss, and they were related to the environmental stability and food supply conditions.

Abstract:The chromosome number and karyotype of Pseudogyrinocheilus prochilus were analyzed using a routine method including intraperitoneal injection of PHA（phyohemagglutinin）and colchicine，cultivation in vivo，and slides preparation with air—drying．While erythrocyte nuclear DNA content of P. prochilus was determined by using a flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter Inc.,USA) with serving the chicken（Gallus gallus） erythrocytes (their DNA content is 2.50 pg/2c) as reference cells. The results showed that the diploid chromosome number of P. prochilus was 2n = 50, and the karyotype of this species was 2n = 12m + 14sm + 14st + 10t，NF = 76（Fig.1 and Tab.1）. The heterosomes were not observed. The diploid cellular DNA contents of P. prochilus was 2.62± 0.10 pg/2c（n=20），which was 1.05± 0.04 times to the chicken erythrocytes (Fig.2). The result of karyotype and DNA contents of P. prochilus showed that P. prochilus was diploid.

Abstract:Using the morphological and histological technology to study the development of digestive system of Qinglong grouper(Epinephelus coioides ♀×E. lanceolatus ♂), and described its development processes of digestive organs and structure of organization. Studies showed that the digestive system development of Qinglong grouper could be divided into three stages: the endogenous vegetative stage (0－3 DAH), the larvae completely relied on the yolk sac, and didn’t have the feeding and digestion. The mixed vegetative stage (4－5 DAH), the mouth and anus opened, the digestive tract ran through. The exotrophic stage (after 6 DAH), the yolk sac had been completely absorbed. The structure and function of the digestive system of Qinglong grouper at 25 DAH developed gradually. In conclusion,development of the digestive system of Qinglong grouper were in accord with the growth,morphology development and perfection of functions during the early development.

Abstract:Creatine kinase（CK）plays an important role in the process of cell energy metabolism by catalyzing the reversible transfer of phosphate group between ADP and phosphocreatine. The cDNA full-length of the creatine kinase gene from Schizopygopisis pylzovi was cloned using RT-PCR and RACE methods, and then conducted the bioinformatics analyses. The results showed that the full-length cDNA of CK gene was 1599 bp, including a 1143 bp complete ORF encoding 380 amino acid peptide. The creatine kinase of Schizopygopsis pylzovi contains a N-terminal domain and a C-terminal catalysis domain. Sequence homologous analysis of amino acids showed that the CK of Schizopygopsis pylzovi has high homology with the M3-CK of Danio rerio and Cyprinus carpio, the identity reaches above 94%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the CK of Schizopygopsis pylzovi and the M3-CK of Danio rerio and Cyprinus carpio were clustered together and formed a monophyletic group, from which the CK of Schizopygopsis pylzovi could be tentatively identified as the orthologous gene of the M3-CK of Danio rerio and Cyprinus carpio. The mRNA levels of major tissues of Schizopygopsis pylzovi were detected and analyzed using Quantitative Real-time PCR. The result showed that the CK transcript was highly expressed in muscle, intestine, eye and heart, while weakly expressed in hepatopancreas and brain. The high expression in muscle, intestine and heart of CK is consistent with its function in cell energy metabolism, but the high expression in eyes may be related to other functions of CK, need to further researches.

Abstract:In order to elucidate the role of Sox2 in the earthworm Eisenia foetida during regeneration.，the full length cDNA of Sox2 was firstly cloned from earthworm by using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) approach. The expression level of Sox2 in different body segments (head, clitellum and tail) of mature earthworm and during tail segments regeneration at different time point was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. The data was analyzed by the method of Delta-Delta Ct. RACE results showed that the full-length of cDNA sequence is 2 354 bp (GenBank Accession number：KP637161), including 367 bp of 5'-UTR, 844 bp of 3 '-UTR and 1 143 bp ORF (Fig. 1 and 2). Phylogenetic analysis showed Sox2 in Eisenia foetida was conservative in phylogeny with other species (Fig. 3).The q-PCR results showed that the Sox2 expression transcripts were not significantly difference in head, clitellum and tail body segments (P>0.05) (Fig. 4a). The expression level of Sox2 in the tail was obviously up-regulated during regeneration, and reached the highest level at 12 h after amputation with 22 times compared with that in the beginning of amputation (Fig. 4b).These results indicated that the Sox2 gene may be associated with the regeneration in earthworm. Our research provided new evidence for further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the regeneration.

Abstract:The grazing effects of two cladoceran species (Daphnia magna and D. carinata) on the community structure of phytoplankton of Lake Dishui in Shanghai was studied in September 2012. The results showed the concentration of NH+ 4-N, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and chlorophyll-a obviously increased comparing with the control. In the group of D. magna and D. carinata, the concentration of NH+ 4-N increased 2.26-fold and 3.82-fold respectively, the concentration of SRP increased 3.41 times and 3.32 times respectively, the concentration of chlorophyll-a decreased 80.4% and 75.2% respectively. Meantime, the concentrations of NH+ 4-N and SRP showed a significant relationship with chlorophyll-a in the Daphnia treatment. The community structure of phytoplankton significantly changed when the Daphnia were added. The density of phytoplankton decreased 70.3% and 80.0% when D. magna and D. carinata were added respectively. The density of Chlorophyta , Cyanophyta and Bacillaripohyta decreased 69.61%, 64.78% and 31.38% respectively in D. magna treatment. The density of Chlorophyta , Cyanophyta and Bacillaripohyta decreased 96.41%, 62.65% and 66.84% respectively in D. carinata treatment. The Cryptophyta, Euglenophyta and Pyrrophyta were not found at the end of experimentation. The experiments showed D. magna and D. carinata can efficiently control the density and change the community structure of phytoplankton. At the same time the density of periphyton obviously decreased, which showed that D. magna and D. carinata can graze the periphyton.

Abstract:In order to evaluate the characteristics of zooplankton community in Nansi Lake and the relationship between the zooplankton community and the water quality, samples were collected in July (summer) and December (winter), 2012, from Nansi Lake. Combined with historical data, the characteristics of zooplankton community in Nansi Lake and the temporal and spatial variation were described. Environmental factors of each sample site were also collected and regression analysis of the zooplankton community diversity and environmental factors was carried out. As a result, 163 zooplankton species were identified, including 78 Rotifera, 65 Protozoa, 17 Cladocera and 3 Copepoda. 141 zooplankton species were identified in summer, and 105 species were found in winter. Most of zooplankton species were found in the Weishan Lake, followed by Nanyang Lake, Zhaoyang Lake and Dushan Lake. The average density of zooplankton species in Nansi Lake is 2192 ind/L, and the average biomass is 2.27 mg/L. Most of the zooplankton species have higher density and biomass in summer than in winter except the Protozoa. The richness indexes, Shannon-Wiener indexes and evenness indexes in summer and winter of zooplankton community in Nansi Lake are 3.52 and 2.52,3.96 and 3.48,0.57 and 0.52, respectively. Stepwise regression analysis on the density, mass and diversity indexes with the environmental indexes indicated that, total nitrogen is the most important index affect on zooplankton density, total nitrogen and water temperature are most important indexes affect on zooplankton mass, and pH and conductivity are most important indexes affect on zooplankton diversity.

Abstract:In the field study of Baimalang Valley (41°41' ~ 41°42'N, 126°38' ~ 126°39'E, altitude 370 ~ 519 m) in Linjiang City, Jilin Province, in July, 2014, 13 female toad’s specimens were collected, diagnosed into Korean water toad (Bufo stejnegeri). It was a first record in Jilin Province, China.

Abstract:Meiosis is the key step in the eukaryote sexual reproduction, while chromosome morphological behavior changes throughout the process of meiosis. In recent years, based on advanced molecular biological technologies and cytology experiment methods, many wonderful achievements about Tetrahymena thermophila meiosis have been obtained according to screening and evaluating of mutant cell lines. In this review, chromosome changes accompanied with variation on genes are described during the process of T.thermophila meiosis, which might provide useful information for understanding the molecular mechanism of T.thermophila meiosis.

Abstract:MicroRNA (miRNA), a class of non-coding RNA (about 20-25 nt), was found in eukaryotes and has function of regulation and control. Many research results have confirmed that miRNAs play an important role in many life processes in eukaryotes, involving the individual development, metabolism, cell growth and apoptosis, etc. At present, there are relatively few miRNA data in goat. This article summarizes the regulation of miRNAs in skin and hair follicle development, muscle growth and development, lactation and reproduction of goat. This review will provide theoretical basis and research insight for using miRNAs to regulate and improve the quality of wool and cashmere, the growth and reproductive performance in goat.

Abstract:

Abstract:无

Abstract:无

Abstract:Under the global resource and environmental crisis, macro-zoology in the level of species and ecology has become an important subject for the sustainable development. Based on visualization analysis of two agencies, Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Natural History Museum in London, in the field of zoology research in 2009-2013, we revealed the status quo, hotspot, differences and future development trends of them. We found that two agencies had very similar research direction in macro zoology that was classification, system evolution and biodiversity. Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution’s author clustering focused in insect research, but Natural History Museum in London’s research had a wider diversity and regions span. At present the Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution’s main hotspot and the research frontiers was still classic taxonomic study of China's new species. Research focus of the Natural History Museum in London had already turned to the discovery and trace of new species in the developing countries such as China and India. Species diversity and phylogenetic studies on the basis of classical taxonomy was Natural History Museum in London’s research forefront on macro zoology.