Abstract:The conflict between human and wildlife have been increasing dramatically in recent years. From May 2012 to October 2014, we carried out the research on the control of the conflict between human and wild boar with the feces and voice of Siberian tiger around Hunchun area, Jilin Province. The period of validity is defined the time span from the date of the measurements taken to the date of wild boar entering the farmland. Effective range is defined as the shortest distance from feces, player or the center of control farms to the site where wild boar damage appeared. We converted the period of validity and effective range to the period of validity index and the range index. The results show: (1) Compared with control farms, Siberian Tiger feces have significantly positive effect on wild boar damage control in the period of validity index and the range index(P<0.05); (2) Compared with control farms, Siberian Tiger voice have significantly positive effect on wild boar damage control in the period of validity index and the range index(P<0.05); (3) Compared with control farms, Siberian Tiger feces together with Siberian Tiger voice have significantly positive effect on wild boar damage control in the period of validity index and the range index (P<0.05); (4) Compare the measurements with each other, they have no significantly positive effect on wild boar damage control in the period of validity index and the range index(P<0.05). Siberian Tiger feces and voice have significantly positive effective on the wild boar damage control because Siberian Tiger is the natural enemy of wild boar and it exists around Hunchun area, Jilin Province.

Abstract:Nonlinear vocal phenomena is a ubiquitous feature of animal vocalizations, accounts to its evolutional significances received considerable recent interest. Nonlinear phenomena generally emitted when animals are under aggressive circumstance and maybe have specific function. However, the studies of bats" nonlinear phenomena are mostly descriptive, very little is show their function. Myotis pilosus"s aggressive calls contain two kinds of syllable, sAFM and ND-sDFM, which can constitute three types of calls: only contain sAFM syllables (A), only contain NB-sDFM syllables (B), and contain both sAFM and NB-sDFM syllables (C). A type doesn"t contain nonlinear phenomena, B type contains nonlinear phenomena, and C type is a transitional type from A to B. In this paper, the three types of calls were played back to the bats, and then record bats" 7 kind behavior response (head up, leg movement, ear movement, echolocation, thriller, crawling, mouth open), the results of leg movement and echolocation numbers suggest that to the different calls, the bats" response are different, what"s more, the response intensity to the call type which contains nonlinear phenomena is higher. We argue that these findings support the unpredictability hypothesis and show that nonlinear vocal phenomena may have adaptive function.

Abstract:In order to investigate the blood gas, acid-base balance and electrolyte characteristics of blood in subterranean rodents under normal oxygen condition, these parameters were messured by the i-STAT blood gas analyzer in Gansu zokor (Myospalax cansus), Plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi) and SD Rat (Rattus norvegicus) which had adapted at normal oxygen condition for 4 weeks. The comparison of difference between groups were analyzed with one - way ANVOA method using SPSS 17.0. The research showed that there were no significant difference of PaO2, PvO2, PaO2-PvO2, SaO2, SvO2 and oxygen utilization rate between Gansu zokor and Plateau zokor. Their PvO2 and SvO2 were significantly lower than that in SD Rat, but oxygen utilization was significantly higher than that in SD Rat. There were no significant difference of Hba, Hbv, HCTa and HCTv between Gansu zokor and Plateau zokor. But their HCTa and HCTv were significantly lower than that in SD Rat (Table 1). Blood acid-base characteristics in Gansu zokor and Plateau zokor were different from SD Rat, but the characteristics in Gansu zokor and Plateau zokor were similar. pHa-pHv, TvCO2-TaCO2 in Gansu zokor and Plateau zokor were higher than that in SD Rat. PaCO2 in Gansu zokor and Plateau zokor was significantly lower than that in SD Rat. PvCO2-PaCO2 in Gansu zokor and Plateau zokor was significantly higher than that in SD Rat (Table 2). There were no significant difference of Na+, K+, iCa2+, Na+v-Na+a, K+v-K+a and iCa2+v-iCa2+a in Gansu zokor and Plateau zokor. K+a in Plateau zokor was lower than that in SD Rat, but K+v-K+a in Plateau zokor was higher than that in SD Rat. K+v-K+a, iCa2+a and iCa2+v in Gansu zokor were higher than that in SD Rat (Table 3). The result prompted that the blood gas characteristics, acid-base balance and electrolyte characteristics in Gansu zokor and Plateau zokor were similar, but they are different from SD Rat. The oxygen utilization rate in Gansu zokor and Plateau zokor were higher than that in SD Rat. In order to guarantee internal environment and homeostasis, Gansu zokor and Plateau zokor had strong tolerance to acid-base variation and maintenance to electrolyte stability.

Abstract:The plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) has a strong adaptability to hypoxic plateau environment. We found that the sperm-specific lactate dehydrogenase (LDH-C₄) gene expressed in plateau pika liver. In order to shed light on the function of LDH-C₄ in plateau pika liver, we determined the expression levels of Ldh-c gene in plateau pika liver by real-time PCR and western blot. After injecting N-isopropylSoxamate, a LDH-C₄ specific inhibitor, in skeletal muscle of hind legs, the activities of LDH, and the contents of LD and ATP in plateau pika liver were measured. The results indicated that the expression levels of Ldh-c mRNA and protein were 0.22±0.04 and 0.97±0.20, respectively. After 30 minutes injectedS1 ml 1 M N-isopropylSoxamate in biceps femorisSmuscle, the concentration of N-isopropyl oxamate in blood was 0.08 mM. In the liver of inhibitor group and control group, the LDH activities were 4.99±0.29 U/mg?prot and 7.36±0.42 U/mg?prot, the contents of LD were 0.38±0.05 mmol/g?prot and 0.53±0.03 mmol/g?prot, and ATP were 5.84±0.83 nmol/mg?prot and 7.78±1.06 nmol/mg?prot, respectively. The LDH activities, the contents of LD and ATP in liver of the inhibitor group were decreased significantly, and the inhibition rate of N-isopropyl oxamateSto LDH, LD and ATPSin plateau pika liver were 30.19%、32.22% and 24.94%, respectively. These results indicated that the sperm-specific lactate dehydrogenase gene expressed in plateau pika liver, the pika liver got at least 24% ATP for its life activities by catalyzing anaerobic glycolysis. As a result, the plateau pika reduced dependence on oxygen and enhanced the adaptation to the hypoxic environments.

Abstract:To master the home range size of reevese’s butterfly lizard and whether there exists a core area in each home range and the intrasexual overlap degree of home range and core area during the breeding season, 13 individuals were tracked by radio telemetry in the period of March to May 2010 and 2011 in the barren slope habitat of Wenchang, Hainan Island, China. The home range size and overlap degree of each individuals were calculated by minimum convex polygon (100% MCP) and fixed kernel (95%, 75% and 50% FK) methods. The results indicate that the 100% MCP home range of males (14091.6±5718.0m₂) was significantly larger than that of females (253.3±106.5m₂)(t=4.064, df=11, P=0.002). Males had significantly larger 95% FK (10707.8±2388.5m₂) and 75% FK (3282.7±1022.8m₂) home range than females (379.1±74.1m₂ and 172.1±37.9m₂). The home range length of males (205.8±52.5m) was significantly larger than that of females (25.0±2.0m) (t=5.781, df=11, P=0.034). There existed a apparent core area in the home range for all individuals, males (1380.5±429.1m₂) had significantly larger core area than females (80.2±18.5m₂) (t=5.088, df=11, P<0.001), and the ratio of core area to 100% MCP home range of males (10.9±3.9%) was significantly lower than that of females (33.3±6.1%) (t=-7.834, df=11, P<0.001). There were significant linear correlations between 100% MCP home range and SVL of males (n=10, r=0.815, P=0.004) and females (n=3, r=0.998, P=0.044), and between 100% MCP home range and body mass of males (n=10, r=0.683, P=0.029). The 100% MCP home range overlap degree of males (0.26±0.17) was significantly lower than that of females (0.66±0.02) (t=-3.372, df=34, P=0.002), and the core area overlap degree of males and females was 0.02±0.02 and 0.01 respectively.

Abstract:In order to study the effect of amphibians mortality caused by road traffic, one sample transect was choose separately on the Ring Changbai Mountain Scenic highway, Toudao road and Baishan road in the Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve from 2007 to 2014. Amphibians road mortality species richnes, number, and location were recorded by direct counting method with the total length of sample survey was 2 441 km and 257 times. The results showed that 7 910 amphibians, belonging to 5 species were recorded as road killed with the average mortality was 27.9/ l0km. The most vulnerable species were Chinese Brown Frog (Rana chensinensi), Oriental Fire-bellied Toad (Bombina orientalis) and Asiatic toad (Bufo gargariza), for the mortality accounting for 96.3% of the total mortality. August was peak period for road mortality of amphibians, and then concentrated in breeding season from April to June. In the view of yearly mortality, all amphibian species tended to decline tendency except for Chinese Brown Frog and Asiatic toad, which only had small extent variation in different years. The monthly mortality was significant correlation with the monthly traffic volume (r=0.913,p=0.004). Accordingly, some protective measures of amphibians were provided.

Abstract:The structural development of stomach was observed in Bufo raddei tadpoles with morphological methods. The results showed that at the stage 24 of Bufo raddei tadpole development, the digestive tract differentiated into simple tubular structure without a distinguished stomach, the wall of stomach was composed of an inner layer of mucosal epithelial cells and an outer layer of squamous epithelium cell. While at stage 26, the stomach was appeared as a fatter and shortter tube compared to other parts of the digestive tract. The stomach wall kept the two layer structure and the mucosal epithelial cells became highly columnar in shape and few goblet-like cells among the epithelial cells. At stage 36, the stomach was obviously swollen. The stomach developed into the general structures with four layers of tissue compounds. Goblet cells appeared in a large number. The free surface of mucosal epithelial cells covered with slender microvilli interwoven into the mesh. At stage 42, the stomach was became to a C-like shape, typical four-layer structure of the stomach was formed

Abstract:To explore the genotoxicity of aniline to the erythrocyte of Rana nigromaculata tadpoles from different genetic endpoints, the tadpoles were exposed to four concentrations (0, 3.45, 17.25, 34.50 and 69.0 μg/L) of aniline for 96 h. Micronuclei frequencies was measured by micronucleus test, the tail length and the tail moment were assessed by comet assay. The values obtained were statistically analyzed using computer software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan, s multiple range test was used to analyze the data. Significance was established at P<0.01 level. The results of micronucleus test showed that the erythrocyte micronuclei frequencies of all treatment groups were significantly higher than that of the normal group (Fig. 1, Table 2), but as a result of the influence of cell rupture (Table 1) and Heinz corpuscle caused by aniline, there wasn’t obvious concentration-effect relation between micronucleus frequency and the concentrations of anline. The results of comet assay showed that both the tail length and the tail moment of all treatment groups were significantly higher than the control group (Fig. 2, Table 3), moreover the two indexes increased in a dose-dependent manner with the rise of the aniline concentration. The results aforementioned suggested that aniline induced chromosomes and DNA damage in erythrocytes of Rana nigromaculat tadpoles, indicated stronger genetic toxic effect. Furthermore, the level of DNA damage at the highest concentration (69.0 μg/L) was similar to that of the positive control (5 mg/L cyclophosphamide), therefore there's a recommendation that the restriction of aniline in water body constituted by water quality standard for fisheries should not be higher than the value.

Abstract:Using the hemal spine and anal fin as morphology indicator, mosquitofish living in Haizhu Creek and Huangpu Creek were sampled and detected in order to assess the endocrine disrupting effects. We measured the 4,5,6 anal strip length and the third section rays scores, and used the 14th, 15th, 16th hemal spine and L, P, D, L/D ratios, P/D ratios, P/L ratios as indicator to assess the modification of skeletal morphology. The results showed that higher number of the 3rd anal fin ray and the increased ray 4:6 length ratio were observed in mosquitofish sampled in the Haizhu River and Huangpu River. The adult female mosquitofish exposed to municipal effluent had significantly greater in 14P, 15P and 16P than those at reference site. The ratios of 14P:14D, 15P:15D and 16P:16D of adult females were found to be significantly increased in Haizhu River and Huangpu River. Female mosquitofish in Haizhu River and Huangpu River exhibited signs of male-like hemal spine development. However there were no differences between male mosquitofish from test and the reference site. The results indicated that the environmental endocrine disruptors in water of Guangzhou Creek could produce the effect of morphological masculinization in female mosquitofish.

Abstract:The aims of the present study were to investigate the characteristic of the specific dynamic action (SDA) and the interaction between feeding and locomotive metabolism in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Firstly, goldfish was force-fed with 4% body mass of either compound feed or cellulose and the pre-feeding and postprandial oxygen consumption rate (Vo2) were measured to identify the characteristic of SDA. Then, the critical swimming speed (Ucrit) and swimming metabolic rate (MO2) at different swimming speed of fasting and fed fish were measured to identify the effect of digestion on locomotive metabolism. Lastly, the postprandial metabolisms of fasting or digesting fish swum under either 70% or 0% Ucrit were measured, aiming to identify the effect of swimming on feeding metabolism. The effect of locomotive on feeding metabolism and the effect of force-feeding with compound feed or cellulose on SDA were determined by paired t-test, whereas the effect of experiment treatments on active metabolic rate was determined by t-test. Effects of experimental treatment, swimming speed and (or) sample time on Ucrit or MO2 were determined by a analysis of variance (ANOVA) which followed by Duncan multiple-comparison posthoc test if it was necessary. The results showed that the SDA increase shortly after force-feeding of compound feed which lasted about 7 h while force-feeding of cellulose elicited no significant change in MO2 (Fig 1), suggesting mechanical SDA contributes little to SDA magnitude while biochemical SDA is the main components of SDA in gold fish. Ucrit decreased significantly while swimming MO2 increased significantly at any given swimming speed in fed fish compared with those of fasting fish. However, neither duration nor increment of SDA showed any significant difference between resting and swimming fish (70% Ucrit). The duration calculated as the time from feeding to when the metabolic rate returned to within the standard error of the resting metabolic rate of a given fish were both 6.5 h, and the feeding metabolism at any given sample time showed no significant difference (Fig 4). The present study demonstrates clearly that in goldfish, digestion shows profound negative effect on locomotive metabolism while locomotion shows little effect on feeding metabolism.

Abstract:Euchiloglanis kishinouyei is an ancestral mountain fish, however, as a result of water project construction and over?shing, populations of the fish have declined extremely in abundance in the last decades. So,the protection of fish resource becomes particularly urgent and it is high time to take a series of protective measures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphological and cytochemical characteristics of peripheral blood cells of the fish by light microscopy, to provide information for domestication and disease cure and to accumulate basic data for hematology of the fish. In this work, red blood cell count (RBC) and haemoglobin concentration (Hb) were determined by fully automatic biochemical analyzer and blood smears stained with Wright’s and cytochemical stainings, including periodic-acid schiff (PAS), phenoloxidas (PO), sudan black B (SBB) and peroxidase (POX).Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.The results showed RBC was (0.55 ± 0.06)×1012 cell/L and hemoglobin concentration was (73.00 ± 5.57) g/L, and erythrocytes and four types of leukocytes: thrombocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes and heterophils, were identified in E. kishinouyei peripheral blood (Fig. 1). Additionally, erythrocytes were the most abundant and largest cells in smears of the peripheral blood, accounting for 98.03%. Thrombocytes were the predominant leukocyte, accounting for 37.06% of all leukocytes, whereas heterophils were rare, only accounting for 9.64% (Table 1).According to the size and morphologic features of heterophils and nucleus and quantities of cytoplasmic granules, type Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ of heterophils were recognized. Erythrocytes were negative for periodic-acid schiff (PAS), phenoloxidas (PO), sudan black B (SBB) and peroxidase (POX), and all leukocytes were positive for periodic-acid schiff (PAS) (Fig. 2). Type Ⅰ and Ⅲ of heterophils were strong positive for peroxidase (POX), while thrombocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes and type Ⅱ of heteropils were negative for peroxidase (POX) (Table 2).

Abstract:Parasitoid wasps are one of the main natural enemy groups of the spiders. However, the parasitoid wasps of funnel-web spiders are known little so far. Here we studied the parasitoidism of Oxyrrhexis rugosus on the funnel-web spider Allagelena difficilis. Our results showed that mated females of O. rugosus struggled to lay an egg on the dorsal cephalothorax near the thoracic groove of the spider A. difficilis after searching, landing and stinging. The ichneumon larvae consumed nutrition from the host spiders by a particular sucking tube piercing into the spider body. Body color of the larvae turned from light to dark during their developmental duration, which was about 10 days. At the end of the 3rd instar, the larvae left the spider bodies and spun a cocoon in the tunnel of the spider funnel-web. Pupation took place in the cocoon and the adult emerged from the pupa in about 13 days. The adult females and males lived about 11 days. The host spiders were severely affected by the parasitoid O. rugosus. After the ichneumonid larvae hatching, the host spiders won’t prey and molt anymore and became thinner and less active. Till the larvae left their bodies, the host spiders died. Our study reported a new parasitoid of natural enemy of the funnel-web spider and explored detail information about the parasitoid and the host, such as oviposition behavior and developmental characters of the ichneumonid O. rugosus, and the effect of parasitoid on the spider A. difficilis. Our results can benefit further studies on chemical communication and coevolution between the parasitoids and the host spiders.

Abstract:Observed the hair sensors (tactile hair, trichobothrium, gustatory hair) of Pardosa pseudoannulata by Scanning Electron Microscope. The result indicated that tactile hair forms the acute Angle with the surface of spider body, tactile hair is big and thick and hair is straight and with villus around. Tactile hair is maisanly distributed on the hocks tibiae and the end of the ambulatory leg of legs and pedipalp section of spider’s body, and the first step is where tactile hair assembles sufficiently.The quantity of tactile hair is more than the quantity of trichobothrium and gustatory hair. Trichobothrium is thin and long and basically perpendicular to the epidermis. Hair follicles of trichobothrium is deep pit and with folds. Trichobothrium are mainly distributed in the fourth step foot and the palp, the rest have a small amount. The base of gustatory hair has a slight bulge around the round shape of hair follicles, which is more than trichobothrium but is less than cirrus. Gustatory hairs are mainly distributed on the first step of ambulatory leg and second ambulatory leg.

Abstract:Our previous study showed that the supernatant of coelomic fluid from sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) exhibited strong antibacterial activity to Micrococcus lysodeikticus, but had no obvious effects on the growth of Vibrio splendidus, V. harveyi, Pseudoalteromonas nigrifacien and Streptococcus dysgadysgalactiae. In order to study the variation of immune-related enzyme activities in A. japonicus coelomic fluid after different bacterial challenge, five bacteria (bacterial information was listed in Tab 1) described above were injected into A. japonicus, respectively, and then the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), lysozyme (LYZ) and phenoloxidase (PO) were determined using p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) method, nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) method, M. lysodeikticus powder method and dopachrome formation method, respectively. The experiments of enzymatic activities determination were performed in quadruplication, and the data were expressed as means ± standard deviations (SD). Statistical analysis was carried out using the software SPSS 11.5. Differences in enzymatic activities between bacteria-challenged group and the control group were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. The level of significance was defined as P < 0.05. As shown in Fig.1-Fig.5, the challenge of V. splendidus induced significant increase of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities, but great decrease of superoxide dismutase, lysozyme and phenoloxidase activities; challenge with V. harveyi caused significant increase of acid phosphatase, superoxide dismutase, lysozyme and phenoloxidase activities and irregular variation of alkaline phosphatase activity; after challenge with P. nigrifacien, acid phosphatase, lysozyme and phenoloxidase activities increased significantly, superoxide dismutase activity increased firstly, and then decreased, and alkaline phosphatase activity exhibited irregular variation; after challenge with M. lysodeikticus, acid phosphatase and phenoloxidase activities increased, superoxide dismutase and lysozyme activities increased firstly, and then decreased, however, lysozyme activity returned to control level at 72 h post challenge, and alkaline phosphatase activity also exhibited irregular variation; the challenge of S. dysgadysgalactiae resulted in an inhibition on alkaline phosphatase activity at 4 h, but notable promotion on the activities of other determined enzymes. The results suggested that phenoloxidase was one of the most sensitive and efficient immune factors in A. japonicus innate immune system; no regular differences in the induction of A. japonicus immune factors were observed between Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria; between M. lysodeikticus and other four determined bacteria, the most significant difference was observed in the induction of lysozyme, and lysozyme might be the principle immune factor involved in the extermination of M. lysodeikticus; the variation of immune factors induced by V. splendidus differed greatly from those induced by other four bacteria, and the five immune factors selected in this study had potentials in the application for early warning of vibrio diseases; S. dysgadysgalactiae had potential in the application for immunostimulants in A. japonicus.

Abstract:Reproductive regulation of 24 captive badgers（Meles meles amurensis）were observed and recorded around the clock on a badger farm in Songbei District, Harbin City by using infrared monitoring equipment from March to October in 2013. Moreover, all data were analyzed by Excel 2010 software. The results indicated that badgers mated from the end of March to the beginning of May (Fig. 1), and gave birth from the end of March to the beginning of April, thus their pregnancy duration extended as long as 11 to 12 months. While the former internal treatises reported that badgers’ mating behavior mainly occurred in July and August. The variation of their mating time showed that the time of delayed implantation also had a significant change. The study of mating frequency in each time period of the whole day indicated that the mating happened at any time, and the frequency of daytime was similar to nighttime. The lengths of mating ranged from 10 to 110 minutes, mainly between 60 and 80 minutes. The observation also found that badgers' mating (including the frequency and length of daily mating) had obvious periodicity.

Abstract:On April 2011, A female adult snake specimen was collected at Maoershan National Reserve, Xingan, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. On May 2011, A female adult snake specimen was collected at Xinjian, Jinyun County, Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, China. On April 2012, a male adult snake was collected at Quannan County, Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province. Three specimen were identified as Lycodon futsingensis (Serpentes, Colubridae). It is a new reptile record in Guangxi, Zhejiang and Jiangxi Province. They were deposited at the Guangdong Entomological Institute.

Abstract:Five specimens of odour frogs, collected from Sanquan town of Nanchuan District in Chongqing from July to August 2014, were identified as Yizhang odorous frog (Odorrana yizhangensis) based on morphological, DNA sequence, and genetic distance analysis, which is new to Chongqing. Morphological comparisons between the specimens from Nanchuan district in Chongqing and that from type locality of O. yizhangensis are as follows: female frogs have more obvious digital subarticular tubercles than males; there are outside metacarpal tubercle, entire web of toes and clear digital subarticular tubercles; the joint tibio-tarsal is over the snout ends when the legs are stretched against the edge of the body. The Nanchuan district of Chongqing is about 5 longitudes and 5 latitudes apart from Yizhang, Hunan, which is the westernmost point of the distribution of O. yizhangensis. Future studies should be focused on whether the morphological, genetic differentiation and the pattern heterogeneity of O. yizhangensis are affected by the special geographic effect of alpine valley of western Yunnan, mountain areas of Nanling in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan and Jiangxi, border region of Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan or the climate fluctuations during the quaternary glacial period.

Abstract:The environmental factors work as signals to influence the development, thus lead to the polymorphism occurrence. The problem above has always been a hot issue in the field of genetics, developmental biology, evolutionary biology and ecology, and it becomes an interdisciplinary field - “Ecological developmental biology”, based on the long-term accumulation and expansion of research result. The subject area, based on the theory of developmental plasticity, explores the mechanism of environmental factors which induce the variety phenotypes during development process, including polymorphism and reaction norms. It has been highly valued the relationships among the environment, development and evolution. This paper is a review about the historic development background. Moreover, we have analyzed the research topics, and focused on the mechanism of the polymorphism produced through different environmental factors, including polymorphism induced by season and predators, the caste differentiation induced by various nutritional and hormonal in social insects, the relationship among temperature, enzymes and hormones in the environmental sex determination, the adaption and evolution, the immune response, the neuronal plasticity, the environmental pollutants and the malformation, etc. Furthermore, the research prospects of ecological developmental biology have been discussed in this paper.

Abstract:Four White-naped Crane families with chicks and one pair were recorded in July, 2014, in Solid Left Banner, Xilinguole League, Inner Mongolia. This survey extended the breeding area of White-naped Crane southerly about one degree of latitude.

Abstract:Eastern Song Thrush was recored for the first time in 2th April 2015 at Guanshan Mountain in Jiang Xi province.

Abstract:Two specimen assigned into the subspecies Strix aluco ma collected from Men Tou Gou District confirm the distribution of the Tawny Owl in Beijing. The first breeding records of the Tawny Owl in China were found in a hole in cliff at the Dongling Mountain, Men Tou Gou District, Beijing in both 2014 and 2015. The clutch size was 3,the eggs were incubated asynchronous, and 2 nestlings were fledged in 2015. Preys of the owl included rodents, small birds and bettles.