Abstract:Research Question: combined the method of the micro histological analysis of feces and the fieldwork observation from March to May in both 2012 and 2013, the spring diet of the Asiatic Wild Ass (Equus hemionus hemionous) was investigated along the border of China-Mongolia in the center part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, PRC. Methodology: direct observation for determiningfloristics of plantsin the diet of Asiatic wild ass; analysis spring diet of Asiatic wild ass with the method of micro histological analysis of fresh fecal simples collected from various settlement of plants in the active field of Asiatic Wild Ass; calculation for the appearing frequency F (%) of each plant in the combined fecal simples of Asiatic Wild Ass. The result will be transfer into D (the average density of distinguish fragment in each visual field) by the formula F = 100（1 - e -D）, and then transfer into DR (related density = individual density of distinguish fragment/ the sum of the densities of fragments×100 %). Additionally, the DR could be considered as the elements of composition of the herbaceous diet. Use the SPSS-13.0 to process the data. Result: The result of micro histological analysis of feces shows that there are 45 species of plants belonging to 25 families in the spring diet of Asiatic Wild Ass in the center part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Specifically, the graminaceous plants (Gramineae) took 54.88%, chenopodiaceous plants (Chenopodiaceae) owned 17.37%, tamarisk (Tamaricaceae) shared 6.64%, and leguminous plants (Leguminosae) 6.52% (Figure 2. The food composition of Asiatic wild Ass in spring). While the primary plants consumed were as follows: Krylov needlegrass (Stipa krylovii) (24.38%), Lovely achnatherum (Achnatherum splendens) (15.11%), Salsola passerine (Salsola passerine) (9.92%), Green bristlegrass herb (Setaria viridis) (6.97%), Humifuse euphorbia herb (Reaumuria soongorica) (6.64%), Bassia dasyphylla (Bassia dasyphylla) (5.67%), and Scabrous cleistogenes (Kengia squarrosa) (5.10%), which took the major part (73.79%) of the diet together (Table 1. The food composition and selectivity of the Asiatic wild Ass in winter). Conclusion: The spring diet of Asiatic Wild ass in the center part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region had high diversity. Less selection is the outstanding feature of the spring diet, which could be considered as the adoption of spring cold and drought of the area.

Abstract:Terrain characters are considerable stable components, forming the base of wildlife habitat. To understand terrain preference of ungulates will largely assist management and conservation. Takin (Budorcas taxicolor tibetana) is a large ungulate that inhabit mountains with a rough terrain surface and low elevationarea during spring in Tangjiahe nature reserve. We primarily explored the terrain preference of takin during spring using data from 4 GPS-collared adult takin in period of March to April in 2008 and based on seven topographic factors (i.e. slope, aspect, slope position, elevation, topography ruggedness, distance to cliff, and distance to ridge). We found three groups of terrain factors (topography ruggedness, anti-predation and slope position) influenced takin terrain selection using factor analysis (Table 1). By testing the terrain difference between the sites used and randomly generated points within takin home range during spring, we found takin preferred to the habitat with specified terrain attributes. Takin were found to prefer the habitat with gentle slope, lower elevation, lower terrain ruggedness apart from ridge and cliff. We also found takin to utilize habitat with flat and mid-slope position on sunny slope or shady slope (Fig. 2). Although female were significant different from male on the 7 terrain characteristics , showing a preference to more complex terrain characters, female shown no preference to cliff or slope position selection by comparing with available habitat within its home range. In this study, the significant divergence between sexes on terrain preference may be an indicator of habitat segregation existing within takin population. These results should be incorporated into takin population and habitat management although the sample size was limited due to human disturbance occurred within low elevation area during the study period.

Abstract:Gansu zokors (Myospalax cansus) are small, solitary, subterranean rodents that inhabit the Loess Plateau in China. The genetic diversity and population genetic structure of M. cansus were determined by analyzing the sequence variation of a 530 bp fragment of the mitochondrial D-loop region in 158 natural individuals from eight locations in eastern Qinghai. Overall, 26 polymorphic sites were identified and 39 haplotypes were defined. Genetic diversity estimates revealed extensive haplotype diversity (0.9532) and limited nucleotide diversities (0.00636) in all populations. Analysis of neutral evolution and mismatch distribution implied that M. cansus might have experienced a recent population expansion. The median-joining network was star-like throughout the studied range of M. cansus and showed that most individuals from different populations were highly interconnected with each other and did not exhibit reciprocal monophyly. Population differentiation among populations was confirmed by the percentage of variation among populations and within populations, which were 51.18% and 48.82%, respectively. Nm analyses indicated that the gene flow was limited among sampled populations. A Mantel test revealed significant positive correlation between genetic distances, expressed by FST, and geographical distances among populations, excluding the PA1 population, suggesting that distance isolation plays a remarkable role in genetic differentiation. In the present study, the available data suggested that the Quaternary climatic oscillation and the weak dispersal ability of subterranean animals have shaped the peculiar population genetic diversity and genetic structure of Gansu zokors.

Abstract:To investigate the effects on TGF-β1 and c-Fos expression of Mus musculus liver after injecting ephedrine in mice during pregnancy and lactation．30 pregnant mice were randomly divided into control group and ephedrine group．The pregnant mice of ephedrine group continuously intraperitoneal was injected 6.0 g/L ephedrine solution 0.2 ml from becoming pregnant 3 d to until 15 days after delivery，twice a day，the control group was injected with same amount of saline．Changes of body weight and liver weight were detected and the expression of c-Fos protein and TGF-β1 were measured by immunohistochemistry in liver of filial mice．The results showed that the body weight in ephedrine groups was lower than the control groups at the developmental period (Figure 1)(P < 0.05 or P < 0.01)．The ratio of liver and body weight in the ephedrine group was significantly increased than the control group (Figure 2)(P < 0.05 or P < 0.01)．The optical density of TGF-β1 and c-Fos protein expression of liver in ephedrine group was significantly increased than that of the control group at the each developmental period(Figure 3，4，5)(P < 0.01 or P < 0.05)．The results reveal that ephedrine affects the development of filial mice liver in mice injecting ephedrine during pregnancy and lactation．

Abstract:Tropical bird represents a different strategy in life history evolution compare to temperate bird, studies of tropical bird, however, was quilt shortage. Red-whiskered Bulbul (Pycnonotus jocosus) is a common species in northern tropical region which offer a good opportunity to study. In spring and summer of 2010-2014, the breeding ecology of Red-whiskered Bulbul was studied in Guangxi. Nests located by following nesting-related activities of the birds or systematically search potential nest site, ANVON and Principal component analysis were used to analysis the relative data in SPSS 17.0. Result suggest that the peak of egg-laying of Red-whiskered Bulbul is from the middle of April to the end of May and It prefers to build nests in shrub or artificial plant Sterculia nobilis(Fig 1d). Clutch size was 3 ~ 4 with an average of 3.31(n=31), egg mass 2.59 ± 0.29 g, length 21.10 ± 1.73 mm, breadth 15.35 ± 1.50 mm. Breeding success was 36.16% (Table 3), with the main loss caused by predation, nest desertion and human disturbance. The relatively higher clutch size of the bulbul was attributed to the single brood per year and lower breeding success. The main factors affecting the nest site selection were safety, desiccation and shrub(Table 1 and Table 2)

Abstract:The molting behavior of common lizard （Zootoca vivipara） was observed directly in the laboratory from May to August, 2014. These lizards were transported to our laboratory in Harbin and were housed in the communal cage with moist soil, grasses and pieces of clay tile provided as shelter sites. Food including mealworm larvae （Tenebrio molitor） and house crickets （Achetus domestica） dusted with multivitamins and minerals and water were provided daily. Hatchlings were collected, weighed and measured the same as adults every 15 days. Molting behavior, times and cycle of the lizards were record at 8:00, 10:00, 14:00 and 16:00 in a day, respectively. All statistical analyses were performed with the SPSS 13.0. We used linear regression analysis, correlation analysis, one-way analysis of variance （ANOVA）, and LSD test to analyze the corresponding data. Throughout the paper, values are presented as Mean SE, and the significance level is set at α = 0.05. The result shows that the molting times of adult common lizards range from 0 to 3 in their breeding period （from June to July） in this study. The molting times of two sexes are not significant difference and not positively correlated with body length and body weight （Table 1）. Different with the neonate, the molt of the most adult lizard is usually complete and everted except a small part （Fig 1a, 1b）. Molting times do not differ significantly between males and females of Zootoca vivipara （Fig 2）. The molting cycle of the adult lizard is not fixed which lasting for 8 days at least. It is same with the neonate lizard （Fig 3）. The molting behavior of the neonate lizard is correlated to its allometry and the lasting time of molting is negative correlation with the molting times （Fig 4）. The special way of molting in the common lizard may be associated to the artificial feeding condition, or the original living environment as well as their behavior strategy and other relevant factors.

Abstract:In this study, development and ossification sequence of pectoral girdle and forelimb skeletons of Chinese toad (Bufo gargarizans) tadpole during 33-46 stages were investigated using double staining. The results showed that the pectoral girdle emerged at stage 36, and connected to presacrals Ⅱ, Ⅲ by muscles at stage 39, sternum formed at stage 45 (fig. 1) , chondrification and ossification of pectoral girdle elements began around the glenoid fossa; Emergence and ossification of the forelimb occured in a proximo-distal and postaxial-preaxial direction (fig. 2, fig. 3) . Presence of pectoral girdle and forelimb in anuran alleviate the shock of movement after landing, which reflects the adaption of anuran tadpole transformation from aquatic to terrestrial life in metamorphosis.

Abstract:Biology characteristics（such as mantle length, body weight, gender, sexual maturity and feeding levels） of Japanese common squid （Todarodes pacificus） were analyzed by using collected samples from squid jigging in the Sea of Japan from 2010 to 2013, using SSPS software counting fitting growth and Logistic curve. We stated the annual variability of community structure and composition of T. pacificus in the Sea of Japan. As the research of total sample size of Japanese Common Squid in the Sea of Japan were 388. Results showed that female and male mean mantle length of T. pacificus were 231mm and 230 mm (Table 1). The trunk of the individual advantage length group was 220﹣250 mm (Fig.2). The sex ratio was 0.89 which had no significant differences on 1:1 null hypothesis (Fig.1). The relationship between mantle length and body weight was depicted by the power function with growth parameter b closed to 3(Fig.3 and Fig.4). Logistic curve fitting the size at first maturity, the female was 216.04 mm, and the male was 216.71 mm (Fig.6). The mature rate （Ⅲ, Ⅳ and Ⅴ period） was 78.35% in this study (Fig.5), and the feeding intensity mainly distributed at level 1, 2, 3 based on 5 feeding intensity level(Fig.7). From ANOVA to test the effect of maturity stages on the relationship between mantle length and body weight, the relationship had significant differences (Table 2). Fish were the most frequent food （up to 70%） in the stomach contains, mainly on sardines and lantern fish, then Cephalopods, a little crustacean. Annual variability of community structure of T. pacificus in the Sea of Japan was slight different. Its growth and development is related to the change of the marine environment factors, such as temperature, current, salinity and bait abundance.

Abstract:Among the collection from the Dongjiang River, one tributary of the Pearl River in Zengcheng city and Heyuan city, Guangdong province，20 specimens of Acrossocheilus spinifer were identified as a new distribution record in the Pearl River. It could be distinguished by a combination of morphological characters: (1) 5-6 dark vertical bars on the flanks, with each bar 2 scales in width and all bars extending vertically to second scale row below lateral line, and the bars are symmetric or asymmetric; (2) the second bar positioned under the base of last simple dorsal-fin ray; (3) the last simple dorsal-fin ray strong , with small serration along posterior edge; (4) outer 2/3 part of membranes between dorsal fin rays dark. A. spinifer is diagnosed from A. beijiangensis in having 5-6 symmetric or asymmetric vertical dark bars on dorsum and flanks, each bar 1-2 scales in width (vs. in A. beijiangensis 5 symmetric vertical dark bars on flanks and each being 2-4 scales in width).The specimens were deposited in fish specimen room, School of life science, South China Normal University.

Abstract:Oreonectes polystigmus is a cave-dwelling loach distributed in the karst area of Guangxi, China. Its olfactory organ plays an important role in its activities. We observed the olfactory epithelium of O. polystigmus by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), in order to get more knowledge and data on its morphological adaptation to the subterranean river, an extreme environment for animals. The olfactory organs of O. polystigmus are oval in shape, lying in the olfactory chamber. The average length of olfactory sac is 1.24 mm, 1.36 times of eye diameter, which revealed that O. polystigmus is a kind of “olfactory sensation” fish. The olfactory apparatus has 22 to 24 primary lamellae arranged on both sides of a narrow raphe. Each lamella has developed tongue-like structure. Non-sensory cilia are continuously distributed on the lamellae, only a few on the area closed to the raphe, where has many folds with plenty of tiny pores. Sensory cilia mainly locate the area with thin non-sensory cilia. Microvilli are always distributed under non-sensory cilia. The number of pits on the middle lamellae is more than one on the anterior and posterior lamellae. And on the same lamella, pits on the place close to raphe are denser than ones on anywhere else. Bare and non-bare regions on the lamella and raphe always have a clear boundary. Non sensory cilia and microvilli on the raphe are basically distributed in the grooves of non-bare region. Area of bare region on the raphe is almost equal to one of non-bare region. Epithelium of raphe is formed to a series of polygons by continued microridges. Comparing to some surface fish, O. polystigmus has dense non sensory cilia and a certain amount of sensory cilia and micro villi on the lamella and raphe, which are clearly typical characters adapted to the dark environment. Moreover, isosmate is the hydrodynamic mechanism for O. polystigmus, revealing its adaptation from another angle.

Abstract:In order to study reproductive characteristics of Hampala macrolepidota, we collected 438 samples in the Nanla River in Mengla County, Xishuangbanna Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province of China in 2009, 2010 and 2013. The research results proved that the body length of the female and the male group of H. macrolepidota at first maturity were 228mm and 205mm, and the body weight were 270.3g and 172.5g, respectively. On the basis of growth equation of H. macrolepidota, the age of the female and the male group of H. macrolepidota at first maturity were both 4 years old. Yearly change of gonado somatic index of reproductive population of the female and the male group of H. macrolepidota were almost consistent. The value of gonado somatic index increased gradually from January, March to April, augmented obviously in May and reached the peak in June, but decreased rapidly in July, then tended to be steady in August and September. It began to reproduce in April, and breeding of the fish concentrated in May and June and could continue to October. Sex ratio was 1 to 1.19, that was, the female population was less than the male, which was opposite with some other species belonging to subfamily Barbinae. But the number of the female was more than the male in May and June. The age of reproductive group consisted of 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 years. Among these, the 5 years group had the biggest percentage. The average egg-diameter in ovary at stage IV of H. macrolepidota was 1.18 mm. The distribution of egg-diameter presented a peak on the whole. H. macrolepidota belonged to total spawners based on the gonado somatic index curve and the distribution of the diameter of mature eggs. Absolute fecundity and relaive fecundity were 63 393 and 70.04 per gram, respectively. The proportion to reproduction of female H.macrolepidota in 5 years group was the largest, and the 4 years group taked second place. Compared with some other species of subfamily Barbinae including Spinibarbus yunnanensis, Spinibarbus sinensis, Spinibarbus hollandi, Poropuntius opisthopterus and Neolissochlus wynaadensis, the average egg- diameter of H. acrolepidota was relatively smaller, but the fecundity was relatively stronger. Through the study we could make clear the reproductive characteristics of fish so as to take effective measures to protect fish breeding and their living environment in the tropical rainforests in Xishuangbanna.

Abstract:Tawny puffer (Takifugu flavidus) is a species found in China considered to have potential for aquaculture. Through the analysis of the growth, survival, oxygen consumption, gill Na /K -ATPase, and liver antioxidase of young fish tawny puffer at different low salinities (0, 1.7, 5, 10, 15, and 20), the ability of tawny puffer young fish to adapt to the low salinity environment was studied. The effects of salinity on the indices were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA after arcsin-transformation of data in case of percentages, followed by Student-Newman-Keuls test (SNK). All analyses were performed with a significance level of p<0.05. The results showed that all tawny puffer young fish at salinity of 0 died 3 weeks after experiment, and young fish at salinity of 1.7 appeared a large number of death 6 weeks after experiment, the final survival rate was very low (17.33%), all fish lived at salinities of 5 to 20 in the whole experimental process. Although no significant difference was observed in total length specific growth rate among 1.7-20 salinities, body weight specific growth rate at 1.7 salinity was significantly lower than that at other salinity treatment group, there was no significant difference among 5-20 salinities, both the highest total length specific growth rate and the highest body weight specific growth rate were found at salinity of 10. Although no significant difference was observed in feed coefficient among 1.7-20 salinities at first six weeks, the highest and lowest feed coefficient were found at salinities of 1.7 and 10, respectively; In addition, no significant difference was observed in total feed coefficient among 1.7-20 salinities. Although no significant difference was observed in the oxygen consumption rate among 5-20 salinities, the lowest oxygen consumption rate was found at salinity of 10. The lowest gill Na /K -ATPase (NKA) activity was also found at salinity of 10; The relationship between salinity (5-20) and the NKA activity was modelled by a quadratic equation (y = 0.0832x2 - 2.1252x 20.915, r2 = 0.9779); From the equation, the lowest NKA activity was predicted to occur at salinity of 12.77. Although no significant difference was observed in liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathion peroxidase (GSH-PX) activities among 1.7-20 salinities, the liver catalase (CAT) activities at salinity of 10 and 15 were significantly lower than that at salinity of 1.7 and 20; The CAT activities showed a parabolic relationship with salinity (1.7-20)(y = 0.2577x2 - 5.8076x 87.357, r2 = 0.8771), the lowest CAT activity was predicted to occur at salinity of 11.27. Therefore, the critical survival low salinity of tawny puffer young fish is close to 1.7, the salinity of not less than 5 can be suitable for growth and survival of the young fish, the optimal salinity range for tawny puffer young fish is from 10 to 15. The results suggest that cultural salinity of tawny puffer young fish is not less than 5, and the best cultural salinity range is 10-15, Appropriate to reduce salinity in the cultural production of tawny puffer young fish is advantageous. The results of this study are useful in increasing the cultural production of the species

Abstract:Nutritional composition and gender defferences of adult mysis are important for the evaluation of nutritional value and the understanding of broodstock nutrition requirement for Neomysis japonica. In order to compare the nutritional composition between the males and females of adult mysis N. japonica under the feeding formulated diets, this study was conducted to detect and compare the the proximate composition, lipid classes, fatty acid and amino acid compositon between the adult males and females as well as the formualted diet by the culture experiments and biochemical analysis. Independent T-test was usded to examine the differences between males and females, while P <0.05 was regareded as statistically significant differences. Moreover, the relative retention ratios (animal tissue contents/dietary contents) were further analyzed on the poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and essential amino acids (EAA) for both males and females. The results showed that, (1) The crude protein and crude lipid of the formualted diet were 40.48% and 9.82% respectively, while the content of high unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) and DHA/EPA ratio were 27% and 1.34, respectively (Table 1). The contents of total amino acids (TAA) and ten essential amino acids (EAA) were 38.80% and 16.32% respectively (Table 1). (2) The mositure content of males and females was around 88%, and no gender difference was found for them (Table 2). However, the adult females had the significantly higher contents of crude protein, crude lipid and triglyceride than the adult males, while the males had the higher phospholipid levels than the females (Table 2). (3) Except for 14:0 and 16:1n-7, the adult males and females had the similar compositions for the saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (Table 3). The adult males had the higher percentage of ARA, EPA, DHA, ∑HUFA and the DHA/EPA ratio than the adult females, while the females had the higher LOA, LNA and 18:4n-3 levels than the males (Table 3). As for the amino acids, the females had the higher contents of EAA, TAA, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, arginine, cysteine, aspartic acid, serine and glutamate than the males, while the adult males had the significantly higher taurine levels than the females (Table 3). (4) The adult females had the higher relative retention ratio of LOA and LNA and the lower relative retention ratio for ARA, EPA and DHA than the adult males, but the relative retention ratios of EAA were close between the adult males and the females (Table 4). In conclusion, adult N. japonica had the gender differences on the levels of crude protein, crude lipids, triglyceride, phospholipids, some fatty acids, some amino acids and the relative retention ratios of some fatty acids between adult males and females, which may indicated adult females and males had the different nutritional requirement.

Abstract:The amphibiotic mollusca Onchidiidae are ideal species for the study of evolution from sea to land in marine invertebrates. In this paper, we choose three representative species of Onchidiidae, Paraoncidium reevesii, Onchidium struma and Platevindex mortoni, which live in shallow water, intertidal zone and supratidal zone respectively. We speculate that, with the change of habitats, the structure of their skin which has the function of respiration must have differences. Therefore, we observe the skin microstructure of three species via paraffin section and hematoxylin-eosin staining and also compare the skin parameters via JMP10.0 statisticalSsoftware. The results showed that, the basic structures of skin are almost the same among three species, which are made up of cuticular membrane, epidermis and dermis. Cuticular membrane covers on the surface of the skin, which is made up of protein. Dermis was composed of stratum spongiosum and stratum compactum. The stratum spongiosum abounded with two types of glands: mucus gland and granular gland. However, there were interspecific differences which include skin thickness, the number and the size of glands and so on. After the comparison between the structural difference and habitat environment, we concluded that O. struma, which mainly lives on terrestrial habitats, has a higher degree of keratinization and a larger number of glandular glands. Compared to O. struma, the mainly aquatic species P. reevesii has a thinner stratum comeum, while its number of mucus gland is the highest. As for the amphibian P. mortoni, the keratinizational degree of its skin is the medium and two kinds of glands are also not developed well. These results reflect three different ecological adaptive mechanisms and also provide the morphological basis for deeper research about the evolution of marine invertebrate from sea to land.

Abstract:Histology and ultrastructure of the cement apparatus of Ｃapitulum miteila were observed by a light microscope and electron microscope.The result showed that the cement apparatus of Ｃapitulum miteila is consisted of cement gland cell and canal system.The entire apparatus is sheathed in a layer of connective tissue, inside of which fibroblasts can be seen. Gland cell is a unicellular gland.The development of cement gland cell and animal itself is not synchronous. The young cement cells are small, and the shapes of cells and nucleus are round, ovoid . With the development of gland cells, the gland cells and their nucleus enlarge, and their shapes become irregular with polymorphism. The cytoplasm of mature gland cells, the electron density of which is high, is full of a lot of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes, a few mitochondria, but no Golgi apparatus. The cytoplasm contains a wealth of particulate matter and sizes of vacuoles. The formation of the intracellular canal in cement glands is via aggregation and fusion of cytoplasmic vacuoles. The canal system system is divided into four levels depending on location and function: intracellular duct, collection duct, secondary duct, principal duct. The collection canals, secondary canals and principal canals are composed of monolayer epithelial cells. The principal duct is larger than secondary duct and collection duct. The cavity of the principal duct has chitinous layer. Septate junctions connect cement gland cells with wall cells of the collector canal. The wall epithelial cells of canals are also connected by septate junctions. This structure ensures the tightness of the canal system.

Abstract:For the endangered Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon), a great deal of conservation efforts both in situ and ex situ , has been successfully undertaken in China, which make it possible for further expanding of distribution. On 3 June, 2013, a breeding pair (H12♀ and B747♂) with 3 nestlings has been found in Fengliu village（32°58′06″N，108°31′47″E,elevation 526 m), Hanyin County, Shaanxi Province. The breeding pair continued to breed and fledged four nestlings successfully in the breeding season of 2014（Fig.1）. On 12 January, 2014, We found a wintering flock which composed of the breeding pair (H12♀ and B747♂),and their 3 offsprings, one individual (J41) from the wild population of Yangxian County, and two unidentified individuals. Our observation showed that gene exchange occurred between the reintroduced and the wild population since the pair formation of the individuals from the two populations in 2011. The reintroduction program carried out in Ningshan County has been facilitated the dispersal of the wild population (source population) to eastern areas of Qinling Mountains and might be in favor of the establishment of the reintroduced population (satellite population).

Abstract:A newly recorded species AnotopterusSnikparini Kukuev,1998 collected from South China Sea is reported. Morphological descriptions and illustrations are given. Anotopterus and Anotopteridae are also newly recorded genus and family in China. The specimen is deposited in the Fish Museum of Shanghai Ocean University.

Abstract:We obtained the hybrids through the full red body color of the colorful carps hybridizing with the Jian carps by the reciprocal cross.We studied the growth and development of the digestive tract of the two kinds of hybrids comparatively to provide the theoretical basis for the production and research of the distant hybridization of the colorful carp and Jian carp.This study respectively chose 50 from the Jian carps, the colorful carps, the F1 hybrids of the colorful carp(♂) and the Jian carp(♀) and the F1 hybrids of the colorful carp(♀) and the Jian carp(♂).They were named group 1, group 2, group 3 and group 4.The fish in each group had similar age in days. Each group chose five fish which had the similar weight to measure the intestines length and intestines weight and then made intestinal biopsies.And we calculated the indexes of intestinal weights and lengthes and the heights of duplicatures and other data.We disposed data by the Excel and analyzed data by the SPSS (17.0).Results showed that the rate of digestion of the F1 hybrids of the colorful carp(♂) and the Jian carp(♀) were higher than the rate of digestion of the F1 hybrids of the colorful carp(♀) and the Jian carp(♂) and that the rate of digestion of the two kinds of hybrids is higher than the rate of digestion of the two kinds of parental generations.And this reflected hybrid vigour.

Abstract:When we construct phylogenetic trees, there might be discordance of topologies in different genomic regions. In order to address this issue, Bayesian Concordance Analysis (BCA) can be utilized to perform a phylogenetic analysis across whole genome and statistically quantification of the discordance. Supplemented some Perl scripts, the pipeline takes the genomic sequence files as input and calls several bioinformatics software (e.g. VCFtools, RepeatMasker, PAUP*4.0, MrModelTest, Mr.Bayes and so on) to mask their repeat sequences, align sequences and so on, and whereby we can obtain the phylogenetic discordance information of various locus across whole genome, which can contribute to the further research about the evolutionary history of different genome regions. At last, we applied this method into 129S1 mouse which is originated from the backcross of several generation between C3H/Hu mouse and 129/Sv mouse, finding that the contribution of C3H/Hu mouse to the mosaic genome of 129S1 mouse is less than that of 129/Sv.

Abstract:The research of the Pauropoda in China started lately, and has been stagnated until the recent decade. However, current studies on Pauropoda in the global scale still focused on the morphological taxonomy. With the increasing accumulation of known species and higher taxa, the fauna and geographic distribution of pauropods are addressed gradually. The studying on pauropods of our lab started in 2005, and until now has reported 1 new genus, 19 new species and 16 new record species. In this paper, we summarized the morphological taxonomy and distributions of 35 available known species in China, which belonging to 1 order, 4 families and 11 genera. We hope this will promote the new taxa discovery, and popularize the systematic classification of the Pauropoda in China as well.

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Abstract:In September 2013, a group of Carduelis hornemanni were discovered and photographed in Miaogou Village, Datong Town, Qinghai Province.In March 2014, a dozen Carduelis flammea were discovered and photographed in Shagou, Pingan Town,Haidong Country, Qinghai Province. On the basis of relevant literature analysis, these two birds were recognized as new birds record in Qinghai Province .

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Abstract:Abstract: The protobothrops cornutus is a kind of snakes in Xianju County,Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province, belonging to the original Protobothrops, the Viperidae. This paper is the the new record on it of genus, species distribution in Zhejiang Province, East China and also of the fourth known distribution point in China now.It briefly describes its classification history, morphological specificities and living environment characteristics. Its ecological habits are preliminary analyzed and the type specimens are deposited in the collection of Zhejiang Forest Resources Monitoring Center

Abstract:Chinese Penduline Tit (Remiz consobrinus) has been observed several times in Nanning, Chongzuo City and coastal mangrove area of Guangxi since 2012. For 3 years observation, the species was confirmed to wintering in Guangxi. It was a new bird record of Guangxi.