Abstract:The Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) is a globally endangered and threatened species, and studies on them have been hampered due to their unique ecological characteristics and remote habitat. Eight microsatellite DNA loci were used to analyze the genetic diversity and genetic structure of 36 identified snow leopard individuals from three areas including Nangqian (Qinghai), Zhiduo (Qinghai) and Akesai (Gansu). 57 alleles were detected in 8 microsatellite loci, and the mean number of alleles (A) was 7.13. The effective number of alleles (Ne) ranged from 2.190 to 5.488, with uneven Allelic frequency distribution. The expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.543 to 0.847, with an average of 0.759. And the polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.458 to 0.829, with an average of 0.722. In summary, the selected microsatellite DNA markers were highly polymorphic loci with relatively rich genetic diversity in these snow leopard populations. It is smaller genetic distance of two snow leopards’ groups in Qinghai than those of groups in Qinghai respectively with the group in Akesai (Gansu). The index of Fst (0.053), the index of Nm (4.488) and the result from the Structure software showed that such 3 snow leopards’ groups haven’t been divided and should be viewed as one population.

Abstract:Licking salt at natural or artificial salt sites is common in ungulates, but little is known about Chinese muntjac （Muntiacus reevesi）. We preliminarily studied the rhythm of muntjac visiting artificial salt sites by using 4 infrared cameras with two distance level to road（50m vs.150m）within broadleaf forest in Tangjiahe Nature Reserve from September to October in 2013. Totally, we collected 288 valid records, in which male and female can be clearly identified. Muntjac visited salt sites 12.97±2.14 times daily, with two visiting peaks from 8:00 am to 9:00 am and 14:00pm to 16:00 pm respectively. However, the muntjac seldom visited salt sites at 2 am and 6 am in the early morning and 9:00 pm to 11:00pm during the night. We observed Chinese muntjac visited the salt sites located far from road （150m）more frequently than they did to sites that close to road （50m, 10.86 ± 2.25 vs. 2.10±0.58, t=3.77, P=0.001）. Female and male muntjac showed similar salt lick visiting temporal pattern during night and no significant difference of visiting times was detected either calculated by day or by separated periods （morning, afternoon and night）. The only difference of rhythm found between sex visiting salt sites was 13:00-17:00. Thus, male visited salt sites more frequently than female（t=-2.47，p=0.048） and two visiting peak observed during 13:00-14:00 and 15:00-16:00. The results indicated that human disturbance might be a factor hindered muntjac using related habitat and therefore impact their utilization of minerals. Female exhibit lower salt lick frequency during afternoon than male might be induced by activity rhythm variation and body weight variation between sexes, as well as male disturbance. Based on this study, we recommend nature reserve should consider human disturbance when setting artificial salt licks for the Chinese muntjac and other ungulates.

Abstract:The key scientific problem: the pluripotency transcription factors OCT4 and SOX2 are related to 2-cell block, which usually occurs in mouse ( Mus musculus) embryos cultured in vitro. The main research methods: the expression of Oct4 and Sox 2 was detected by real-time quantitative PCR in oocytes and embryos which were cultured in M16 medium. Meanwhile, the expression and localization of OCT4 and SOX2 were compared among 2-cell stage embryos, 2- cell arrested embryos and 4-cell stage embryos by real-time quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence analysis. Statistical analyses of real-time quantitative PCR results were conducted using an analysis of variance (ANOVA), and a difference of P<0.05 was considered significant. The research results: 24.8% of 2-cell embryos reached the 4-cell stage, and 75.2% of 2-cell embryos were blocked (Fig. 1). Oct4 and Sox2 were expressed throughout MII oocytes, pronuclear zygotes, 2-cell embryos, 4-cell embryos, morulae and blastocysts (Fig. 2a, b). Oct4 was expressed higher in 4-cell embryos than in 2-cell embryos and 2-cell arrested embryos (Fig. 2c) ( P< 0.05). Sox2 was expressed higher in 2-cell embryos than in 4-cell embryos and 2-cell arrested embryos (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference between 4-cell embryos and 2-cell arrested embryos (Fig. 2d) (P < 0.05). OCT4 was co-localized with chromatin in 2-cell and 4-cell nuclei, while diffused in cytoplasm instead of in nuclei in 2-cell arrested embryos (Fig. 3a). SOX2 was co-localized with chromatin in all groups (Fig. 3b). The research conclusion: the expression and localization of OCT4 and SOX2 is related to 2-cell block in mouse embryos. The stable expression of maternal SOX2 plays an important role during zygotic genome activation (ZGA). The abnormal localization of maternal OCT4 may affect the activation of ZGA-related genes; moreover, the expression of zygotic Oct4 may impact embryo development after ZGA.

Abstract:Understanding the distribution of potential breeding habitat of endangered birds is critical to formulating effective protective measures. The crested ibis (Nipponia nippon) had been critically endangered, and currently its population is rapidly recovering. A predictive breeding habitat distribution map of this species was estimated using the Maxent model with a total of 125 recorded nest points and 9 environmental factors. The distribution of potential breeding habitat and its relationship with major environmental factors were analyzed with Maxent 3.3. Accuracy of model’s result was evaluated with area under ROC (AUC). Importance and contribution to model’s prediction of environmental factor was evaluated with Jackknife. The distribution of suitable habitat was indicated with habitat suitability index (HSI). The habitat of HSI > 0.5 was considered to be fundamental suitable habitat for ibis, HSI > 0.6 was moderate suitability, HSI > 0.7 was high suitability. Results of Jackknife test showed that four variables including elevation, brightness index, slope, and green vegetation index had the greatest effect on habitat selection, with a contribution of 38.1%, 18.3%, 16.4% and 14.3% respectively (Fig. 2). The overall preferred elevations were 500 – 1 200 m (Fig. 3). The preferred lowest elevation was obviously lower than the value (800 m) of the former studies. Brightness index indicated that the area of suitable habitat decreased with degree of bare ground increasing. Suitable habitat was significantly negative correlation with slope. Green vegetation index indicated that suitable habitat was mostly distributed in the moderate vegetation coverage area (Fig. 3). Results showed 1 706.58 km2 of crested ibis breeding habitat of suitability threshold of 0.5 (955.88 km2 and 437.89 km2 for thresholds of 0.6 and 0.7, respectively). Larger suitable habitat patches (area > 15 km2, HSI > 0.5) were most distributed in the Yangxian county, Chenggu county and Xixiang county (Fig. 4). Area of suitable habitat for ibis was most in Yangxian county (491.24 km2, HSI > 0.5). It was also in the Chenggu county, Xixiang county, Nanzheng county and Ankang county that area of suitable habitat was bigger than 100 km2 (HSI > 0.5, table 1). It was in the Hanyin county, Mixian county and Shiquan county that area of suitable habitat was bigger than 50 km2 (HSI > 0.5, table 1). Results indicated that there was enough breeding habitat to satisfy crested ibis dispersing and reintroducing.

Abstract:In order to explore the mixed-species flocks’composition and role of the wintering bird and find out some basic rule of the mixed-species flocks in Coastal Wetland in Guangxi, we selected fixed 3 deep water shrimp ponds and 3 shallow ponds in the coastal area of Fangchenggang city. 80 times Fixed-point observation were carried out in the above two types shrimp pond from December of 2013 to February of 2014, respecetivly.The time of initiation, duration, species, individuals, the times of individual behaviour in mixed-species flocks including vigilance, rest,forging at high frequency in samll area and forging in large area were recorded. We used the regression analysis to test the relationship between flock size and the number of species. Variation of the frequency of occurrence between two types shrimp pond was examined with chi-square analysis. Differences of the species and individuals between two types shrimp pond were analyzed with two-sample t-tests. The table 1 showed that 11 species distributed in each type shrimp pond. The major members of deep water shrimp pond were the medium-sized individuals of Spotted Redshank，Common Greenshank and Marsh Sandpiper. They were the small-sized individuals of Little Ringed Plover and Temminck’s Stint in shallow water shrimp pond. The deep water shrimp pond’s flocks averaged 5.48±1.60 species and 18.75±11.67 individuals. They averaged 3.93±1.14 species and 11.65±5.12 individuals in shallow pond. The nuclear species of Spotted Redshank and follower species of Common Greenshank and Marsh Sandpiper became the joiner species from the deep water shrimp pond to shallow pond. However，the nuclear species of Little Ringed Plover and follower species of Temminck’s Stint became the joiner species from the shallow water shrimp pond to deep pond. The results indicated the obvious differences existed in the composition and role of mixed-species flocks in different types of habitat. The differences among habitats were probably the result of many factors including species composition，the distribution of resources，and other factors.

Abstract:Ontogenetic diet change is well known in anurans. During 2012~2013, the diet composition and ontogenetic diet shifts were examined in piebald odorous frogs (Odorrana schmackeri) in the Thousand Island Lake. Frogs were captured by hands, body indices (Snout-vent length, weight and head width) were measured and gut contents were flushed by stomach flushing. All prey items were identified to lowest possible taxonomic level (usually Family). Schoener’s overlap index was used to evaluate the diet composition overlap between sexes and different years. We used Spearman correlation analysis to test whether total prey volume, single prey volume, prey number and the frequency of six major prey items were dependent on Snout-vent length (SVL). At last, a total of 838 frogs were captured and 2 178 prey items were documented. This frog had a great diversity of feeding habits and their prey items belonged to 78 families (Table 1). However, the diet breadth of this frog was narrow. As the frog sizes increased, the total volume (R=0.522, P<0.001, Fig.1a) and single volume (R=0.416, P<0.001, Fig.1b) of prey items increased, but the number of prey (R=﹣0.098, P=0.011, Fig.1c) decreased. The frequency of small prey items, such as Hemiptera (R=﹣0.649, P=0.001, Fig.2a), Hymenoptera (R=﹣0.593, P=0.002, Fig.2b) and Isoptera (R =﹣0.54, P =0.006, Fig.2c), became lower with increasing frog body sizes. In contrast, the frequency of large prey items, including Orthoptera (R =0.675, P <0.001, Fig.2d) and Lepidopterous larvae (R =0.489, P =0.015, Fig.2e) consumed by larger frogs was higher. Our results indicate that ontogenetic diet change occurs in Odorrana schmackeri and ontogenetic change should be included in further diet studies.

Abstract:Abstract: Sexual dimorphism and reproductive output is an important part of life history of Eremias argus. In June and August 2013,We collected 95 pregnant females and 38(18♂20♀) adult E. argus from a population in Ordos of Inner Mongolia (northern China) in order to study sexual dimorphism and female reproductive output. The examined morphological traits included body mass, snout-vent length, head length，head height, head width, brachium length, ante-brachium length, wrist-finger length(the length of wrist to the tip of the forth finger), thigh length, shank length, ankle-toe length(the length of ankle to the tip of the forth toe), abdomen length and tail length; The pregnant females were feed in the terrarium until parturition, mother body mass and eggs were weighed, clutch size was recorded by us . The data of morphological traits were analyzed by the one-way ANOVA and ANCOVA, and then female reproductive traits were outcomes of the regressive analysis and the partial correlative analysis. The results showed that E. argus is a sexually dimorphic species, and it specifically presents: the head size, limb length and tail length are larger in males and abdomen length of females is larger (Table1). The smallest reproductive female in our sample was 44.0 mm snout-vent length (SVL). It occurred between 4 June and 15 July, when egg-laying came; and clutch size is varied from 2 to 5 eggs (mean = 2.9). Clutch size (P= 0.043) and clutch mass (P= 0.026) were positively related to female SVL, and relative clutch mass (P= 0.001) was negatively related to female SVL (Fig.1); clutch size (P= 0.000) and average egg weight (P= 0.000) were positively related to clutch mass, and clutch size was negatively related to average egg weight (P= 0.200). Key words: Eremias argus；Sexual dimorphism；Female reproduction

Abstract:Sinibotia reevesae is an endemic fish which lives only in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The purpose of this study was to determine age structure and growth characteristics of S. reevesae, and to propose effective measures to protect this species. A total of 573 specimens which were monthly collected from April to November 2010 in Zizhong-Longchang section of the Tuojiang River, a tributary river of the Yangtze River. Method：Standard length and body weight of each specimen were measured. Calculation of increment rate and growth indexes of body length and body weight of S. reevesae by Yin Minchen’s methods (1995). The growth of S. reevesae was fitted by the equation of Von Bertalanffy. Statistic analysis of all data were taken using Microsoft excel 2003 and SPSS 19.0. Results: Lapillus moderate thickness and there were clear rings or annuli on it which was the most accurate structure for age determination(Fig. 1). The standard length of the samples mainly ranged from 80~100 mm, accounting for 67.54% of the total (Fig. 2)；total weight mostly ranged from 8~20 g and accounting for 69.11% of the tota1 (Fig. 3). Age of the fishes was identified to five age classes (2~6 years old) and individuals of 3~4 years old were dominated with frequency of 85.91% (Fig 4). Sex ratio (♀∶♂) was 1∶1.11. There was a linear correlation between standard body length and otolith radius and the regression equation was L=125.25RO﹣11.706(n=362，R2=0.8023，P＜0.01) (Fig 5). The increment rate and growth index were analysised by back-calculated body length and the results showed that significant difference between 2~3 years old and 4~5 years old, among them 2 years old was the highest(Table 1). The relationship between standard length (L，unit mm)and total weight(W，unit g) showed no significant difference between ma1es and females, which could be expressed as: W = 5×10-6L3.2868(n=573，R2 = 0.820 2) (Fig 6). The body length has increased rapidly before 4 years old and the increment rate of body weight was the hightest between 3 and 4 years old(Table 2). The growth of S. reevesae was in a constant speed which can be described with von Bertalanffy equation: Lt = 128.72[1﹣e﹣0.1974(t 1.66)], Wt = 42.95[1﹣e﹣0.1974(t 1.66)]3.286 8. Growth rate and acceleration growth rate equation of body length were dL/dt = 25.413 3 e-0.197 4 (t 1.66) and d2L/dt2 =﹣5.015 8 e﹣0.1974 (t 1.66), respectively. Meanwhile, the growth rate and acceleration growth rate equation of weight were dW/dt = 27.8666 e﹣0.1974 (t 1.66) [1﹣e﹣0.1974 (t 1.66)]2.2868 and d2W/dt2=5.5009 e﹣0.197 4 (t 1.66) [1﹣e﹣0.197 4 (t 1.66)]1.286 8×[3.2868 e﹣0.197 4 (t 1.66)﹣1], respectively. The growth inflexion points was 4.37 years with the corresponding standard body lengths 89.46 mm and body weights of 12.99 g (Fig 7). Our data suggest that the resource of S. reevesae had already been fished properly in Zizhong-Longchang section of the Tuojiang River. However, in order to better protect the resource of S. reevesae, measures such as strict ban to unreasonable catching and exploring the hydropower resources should be enhanced.

Abstract:Abstract: In order to clarify the possible patterns of haemopoiesis in Ya-fish (Schizothorax prenanti), the method of Wright’s, Periodic acid-schiff (PAS) and Sudan back B (SBB) staining were used in the head kidney, trunk kidney, spleen and liver imprints.The present study were helpful to understand the location and process of haemopoiesis in Ya-fish.The data analysis was performed by the software of Microsoft Excel 2010 and all shown as mean±SD.(standard deviation).The results showed that haemopoiesis had the following series: erythropoiesis, granulopoiesis, monopoiesis and lymphopoiesis, consisted of precursor, young and mature stages. According to the morphology, size and proportions of blood cell lineages, monoblasts were the largest in the one of precursors and the size was about (18.90±1.59) μm× (16.32±0.70)μm(Table.1). Proerythroblasts and monoblasts were the predominant cells in head kidney, accounting for 0.64% and 0.59%, respectively. Granuloblasts and lymphoblasts were regularly present in trunk kidney and spleen, rare in liver(Table.1).Furthermore, thrombocytes were observed in four tissues imprints and macrophagocyte could be discovered in liver(Fig.1). So haemopoietic tissue was found mainly in head kidney, trunk kidney and spleen and a small amount occurred in liver. In the granulocytes lineage, except the blast cells, the young and mature cells were PAS-positive; with the maturation process of monocytes, staining intensity of PAS-positive was increased; lymphocytes, granulocytes and monocytes were SBB-positive, and there was a difference of staining intensity in immature stage cells, the mature cell stained intensely with SBB(Fig.2).During maturation process of erythropoiesis, two trends in size were distinguished:two decreasing and one increasing; otherwise gradual chromatin condensation and the increase in haemoglobin content were observed.The morphological changes of granulopoietic and lymphopoiesis were a constant decrease in size during maturation(Fig.3).

Abstract:As a member of the tryptophan-aspartate repeat (WD-repeat) family of proteins, the receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) is an intracellular adaptor protein that plays an important role in the regulation of various signaling pathways. In this study, the guanine-nucleotide-binding protein beta polypeptide 2-like 1(GNB2L1) gene encoding RACK1 protein was obtained from the gonad of Paramisgurnus dabryanus by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The full-length cDNA of the GNB2L1 gene is 1 115 bp and contains an open reading frame of 965 bp, encoding for a putative RACK1 protein with 317 amino acids. The GNB2L1 gene was also isolated from the gonad of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus by gene cloning technique, of which the encoding cDNA sequence is 965 bp long and encodes a putative RACK1 protein with 317 aa. Sequence analysis showed that RACK1 proteins of two loaches display 94%-97% sequence similarities to those of other teleost (Fig.1), and the GNB2L1 genes in vertebrate, including in teleost, have seven introns and eight exons (Fig.2). The phylogenetic tree based on multiple sequence alignment of GNB2L1 genes of two loaches and other closely related teleost revealed that the closest relationship to M. anguillicaudatus and P. dabryanus (Fig.4). Semi-quantative RT-PCR confirmed that GNB2L1 gene is expressed ubiquitously in many P. dabryanus tissues, especially higher in brain (Fig.3). These results implied that GNB2L1 gene is strongly conserved through evolution, and may be essential for cellular functions in P. dabryanus.

Abstract:Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is one of the most important pollutants in the marine environment. The effects of benzo[a]pyrene on detoxifying enzyme activities (EROD, GST), antioxidant enzyme activities and (SOD) and lipid peroxidation levels (LPO) with a BaP exposure period (fifteen days) and elimination period (fifteen days) in gill and liver of Portunus trituberculatus were studied. The results showed that the activities of four toxicology parameters were significantly induced by BaP in the first day (P<0.05) and exhibited a direct correlation with the concentration of BaP. From an overall perspective, the activities of EROD, GST in the liver and the activities of SOD in gill declined after the peaks, while the activities of SOD in liver and content of MDA in liver and gill continued to rise. The time of the activities of EROD, GST and SOD reached their max value in gill was shorter than in the liver, the activities of EROD, GST, SOD and content of MDA in gill was lower than in liver, too. During the elimination period, the activities of SOD in gill with high exposure concentrations (0.45 μg/L) and in liver with both exposure concentration could not resumed to the command level (P<0.05), in contrast, the other groups could resumed to the command level (P>0.05). The results of this experiment indicated that both gill and liver of P. trituberculatus possessed resume capacity, gill was more sensitive to BaP than liver.

Abstract:A study of community of cropland soil meso- and microarthropods in different amount of maize straw returning（0 kg/hm2, 3 750 kg/hm2, 7 500kg kg/hm2, 11 250 kg/hm2, 15 000 kg/hm2）in the black soil area of Jilin at September of 2011 and 2012. Using modified Tullgren and Baermann’s methods separation the cropland soil meso- and microarthropods were collected from the study area Table 2 shows that a total of 7 238 individuals including species were captured from the soil meso-and micro-arthropods, belonged to 3 classes, 4 orders, 3 suborders and 11 super-families, which of 2 795 individuals collected in 2011, belongedd to 3 classes, 4 orders, 3 suborders and 6 super-families，and 4 443 individuals in 2012, belonged to 3 classes, 4 orders, 3 suborders and 8 super-families. The data show that increased with the amount of maize straw returing in the number of individuals,group and diversity index. The results of least-significant difference (LSD) in table 3 shows showed that the number of individuals, group, diversity index and biomass were significantly different between 2011 and 2012(P<0.001). The number of individuals were significantly effect by the amount of maize straw returing(P<0.01). The redundancy analysis(RDA) in figure 2 shown that the significant effect on soil dominant groups was soil moisure, soil temperture,pH and soil total nitrogen during maize straw returing, of which the effect of soil moisture was the biggest.

Abstract:This study aimed to understand the chromosome characteristics of Silurus lanzhouensis, therefore providing basic data for cytogenetic and artificial breeding studies of this species. The chromosomes of cultured kidney cells of Silurus lanzhouensis prepared by air-drying technique were elucidated. The results showed that: Silurus lanzhouensis has 2n=58 chromosomes; the karyotype formula is 2n=20m 18sm 16st 4t; the total number of arms (NF) is 96. Compared with the karyotype of other fishes, it was concluded that Silurus lanzhouensis is a more ancestral group among fishes of Silurus.

Abstract:Among the collection from Zhubi Reef of Nansha Islands, South China Sea in September, 2012, a specimen was identified as Choerodon zosterophorus, a new record of the genus Choerodon in China. The main characteristics of the species are: snout pointed, dorsal fin 13 spines and 6 soft rays, anal fin 3 spines and 10 soft rays, body covered by large to moderate cycloid scales, 27 scales along the continuous lateral line; a broad pale band directed from below base of last few dorsal fin spines to upper side of pectoral fin base; a large dark spot situated dorsally on side and on ventral edge of dorsal fin; a dark tapering marginal band along the on pale band anteroventrally at least along its posteroventral edge; caudal fin uniformly pale in adults.

Abstract:Based on preliminary observation of Ichthyophis bannanicus carried out from December 2012 to February 2013, we discovered for the first time five I. bannanicus (including adult and sub-adult) in hibernation and four hibernation caves in the filed. The study results showed that I. bannanicus tend to choose banks of stream and gentle hillside near water sourse (distance to stream: 0.51-5.23 m) as their overwintering place. The hibernation caves were simple, with the depth from 22.3 cm to 85.4 cm. During overwintering period, they can tunnel or use caves abandoned by other animals. They generally hibernate alone with their body in S or circular shape. In the last, we measured body characters of the five I. bannanicus.

Abstract:Two specimens of Hylarana taipehensis were discovered in Jiuao Wetland of Macao in June 2014, which are the first records of this species in Macao. Based on field surveys in recent years, the population size of H. taipehensis was very small and further monitoring and conservation of this species is need.

Abstract:Migration route of the avian flu virus’ carrier Anser fabalis was studied for better understanding of the role migratory birds play in the spreading of avian influenza. During March and April in the nature reserve of Nanji Mountain, Poyang Lake, three healthy bean geese were armed with PTTs and tracked by satellite. One of them successfully returned data. The data was processed using Google Earth and MATLAB, and results are as follows. This bean goose migrated about 1,500 kilometers from Poyang Lake in Jiangxi Province to Qinhuangdao in Hebei Province via other four provinces including Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong and Tianjin. Along the way there were five stopovers. The distances between two adjacent ones ranged from 20 kilometers to 700 kilometers (Fig.1). The rest duration of each stopover ranged from one day to fourteen days. Surface feature of about 68% stop sites were distinguished to be farmland (Fig.2). Average flight altitude was 15 meters and the maximum record was 407 meters (Fig.3).

Abstract:Objective: To study the toxicity effect of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) combining with diethylnitrosamine（DEN）on testis in mice. Methods: Kunming mouse were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group was injected by 15% CCl4 / peanut oil solution intraperitoneally two times a week for eight weeks, and drinking 0.07‰ DEN water solution freely during the treatment. The control group was injected peanut oil and drinking purified water. Both experimental group and control group, four mouse were killed at the 3, 6, 8 weeks respectively. The testicle tissue of mouse was fixed, embedded and cut conventionally, then was stained by HE stain. The changes of testicular structure and the number and shape of sperms were observed. Values were presented as Mean±SD of three independent samples. The results were analysed by two-sample equal variance Student’s t-test (one-tailed), Statistical significance was set at P＜0.05. Results: The average weight significantly increased in control group compared with the experimental group (Tab.1). Testicle organ coefficient and survive rates of the sperms were significantly decreased in experimental group compared with the control group (Tab. 2, 3). The mice of control group have normal seminiferous tubule and a large number of sperm. The testis of mice in the experimental group killed in 3 weeks is similar to the control group, with completed seminiferous tubule and a small amount of the spermatogenic cells. After 6 weeks, the testis in experimental group mice changed, with disordering spermatogenic cells，decreasing and abnormal sperm. After 8 weeks, the testis of experimental group mice had a dramatic change, about all the spermatogenic cells and sperms arranged disorderly, the number of sperm decreased and deformity of sperm increased (Fig. 1). Conclusion：CCl4 combining with DEN can damage testis structure of mice and decrease the number of sperm and induce distortion of sperm.

Abstract:Cold stress for the study of different temperature on the Altay Sheep (Ovis aries) cell-mediated immunity and heat shock protein 70( hsp70). Collected before and after the test cold stress Altay Sheep liver, lung, spleen, lymph node tissue and serum, using real-time quantitative PCR maximum second derivative method (2-ΔΔCt) for each tissue expression of hsp70 were statistically analyzed, while using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for determining cold stress before and after the change of interleukin -4 (IL-4) and interleukin -2 (IL-2) concentration in the serum. The results showed that the expression of various tissues Altay Sheep heat shock protein hsp70 have increased in cold conditions, especially large increase in the expression of the magnitude of spleen tissue. ELISA method for determining the concentration of IL-4 Altay Sheep occurs after cold stimulation decreased significantly (P = 0.016), and IL-2 after cold stress did not change significantly (P = 0.502), a slight reduction. Studies have shown that, under conditions of cold stress, high levels of hsp70 stress to protect the body from injury. And in the process of cold stress, the body's immune system is suppressed.

Abstract:Himalayan Griffon or Himalayan Vulture (Gyps himalayensis) is almost endemic to China. It is relatively rare in neighboring nations. It is known to people as a mysterious highland raptor species. Many people found this bird species disgusting because they scavenge on dead bodies, especially when people learn that they were actually feeding on human fresh in the stunning sky-burial ceremony. Other than that, few were known about their living cycle. Himalayan GriffonThe Vulture Gyps himalayensis is preference to nest on the cliffs (elevation from 2400 m to 4800 m), it is very dangerous to climb the cliff to observe the reproductive process. From April to September, 2014, we tried to find and shoot monitor the nest with domestic micro air vehicle (MAV or UAV monitoring). We also used the route search method and behavioral scanning method, conducted habitat surveys, nest number statistics, analysis of nest material, egg or young number count, nestling growth and development, reproduction cycles, diet and food analysis. Most of vultures built their nests on the southern slope facing the sun (c. 78.6%, n=112). The nest materials were consisted of mainly fine reeds such as Poa spp., Elymus spp.), Stipa spp., Agropyron cristatum, Elymus sibiricus and that was rather different from that of other raptors. This demonstrates that Himalayan Vulture have a very delicate heart for their nest and chick. The clutch size is only one (n=21). Breeding cycle included nest building from January to March, egg laying from Jan to Apr (different times), egg sitting from Apr to Jun, and young birds leaving the nests from Jul to Oct. Chick raising lasted as long as 3-4 months, and the longest being 5 months (hatching in March, leaving nest in August). That was relatively long indeed.

Abstract:Sex steroid receptors belong to the members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that are ligand-dependent transcription factors which play key role in the reproductive endocrine both in vertebrates and invertebrates. The structure and signaling transduction of nuclear sex steroid receptor as well as the mechanism of action about receptor and binging ligand in amphioxus are introduced in the paper. At the same time, this review will provide new information for the evolution of nuclear sex steroid receptor.

Abstract:A snake specimen was collected during a survey in Laojunshan Mountain on April 20, 2014. It is identified as Kellogg"s coralSsnake (Sinomicrurus kelloggi), which is the first record in Yunnan, China. This specimen is stored in China Forest Exploration Design Institute in Kunming.

Abstract:In September 2014, a nest of Eastern Grass Owl was found at the forest region of Bo Re Temple in Dujiangyan, Sichuan province. Nest was on the ground and canopied in dense grass. The nest and eggs were described and measured. Clutch was 5 eggs. Egg mass averaged 21.06 ± 0.87 g, dimensions 40.46 ± 0.63 mm in length and 31.54 ± 0.87 mm in breadth.