Abstract:The elevational patterns of wildlife population and community attract broad interests in ecology research, wherever our knowledge on the patterns of large mammal fauna is poor. To determine the elevational pattern of ungulates in temperate mountainous forest of the southern slope of the Qinling Mountains, China, we conducted a camera-trapping survey on large terrestrial mammals in Changqing National Nature Reserve with systematic sampling. The reserve was divided into 500 m × 500 m grids and one passive infrared-triggered camera was set in each sampling block for a survey duration of 4-6 weeks. We calculated the Relative Abundance Index (RAI) and species richness of detected forest ungulates at 300 m elevational intervals throughout the study area (elevation range 1 400-3 000 m). We surveyed 123 camera locations from March to December, 2008, and detected seven ungulate species with a sampling effort of 4 307 trap-days. Takin (Budorcas taxicolor) was the most abundant ungulate species (mean RAI = 110.66), followed by wild boar (Sus scrofa, RAI = 28.25) and Chinese goral (Naemorhedus goral, RAI = 25.10), whereas forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) was the least (RAI = 1.33). We detected a unimodal elevational pattern in the populations of takin and forest musk deer, a liner pattern for Chinese goral (R2 = 0.84), Reeve’s muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi, R2 = 0.94) and serow (Capricornis sumatraensis, R2 = 0.79), and a multiplex pattern for wild boar and tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus). The species richness of this ungulate community represented a unimodal pattern along an elevational gradient, with a mid-elevation peak at 1 700-2 300 m, which consisted with the prediction of mid-domain effect hypothesis.

Abstract:The information of Tianshan argali (Ovis ammon karelini) that distribute in eastern Tianshan Mts. has been rarely reported except Gao et al. (1997). In order to know the status of Tianshan argali since Gao’s report, from 2010 to 2013, we investigated the population of Tianshan argali in Mori International Hunting Ground of Mori County every summer by using the strip transect sampling method. The size of survey area is 94.67 km2 in 2010 and 2011, 72.97 km2 in 2012 and 2013. The results showed that, the densities of Tianshan argali in this hunting ground in 2010 and 2011 are 1.33?0.29 ind/km2 and 1.59?0.40 ind/km2 (Table 1). However, by using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test, the population density significantly decreased to 0.35?0.08 ind/km2 and 0.29?0.17 ind/km2 in 2012 and 2013 due to the continuous hunting for local museum. During the 4 times survey in summer from 2010 to 2013, totally 319 individuals in 83 groups were recorded, mostly are female groups (70 individuals in 31 groups) and Mother-offspring groups (106 female individuals and 80 lambs in 33 groups), only 11 male individuals in 10 groups, and 52 individuals in 9 groups are can’t recognized due to the long distance. This indicated that Mori International Hunting Ground was mainly inhabited by the female argali and their lambs. The group size of Tianshan argali Mori International Hunting Ground ranges from 1 to 17 (Fig. 1), with the mean group size is 3.84?0.35 individuals per group, which is significantly smaller than other parts of Tianshan Mountains due to relatively low level of food resources. And the relatively higher lamb to female ratio (45.5 : 100) indicated that Mori International Hunting Ground is the ideal habitat for Tianshan argali.

Abstract:Daurian pika (Ochotona dauurica)is a key species in typical steppe, we know little about its reproduction. We analyzed the population size, sex ratio, reproduction and age structure of Daurian pika, captured in Abaga Qi, Xilinhot City, Inner Mongolia of China from 2009 to 2010. The results show that population size of 2009 (118) is larger than that in 2010(81); the sex ratio is biased to female in total; the breeding period of pika is among March to September and mainly in April to June every year, average litter size is 6.15±0.50 (n=13)；Juvenile and subadult occupy a small part in the population of July to September in 2009 and adults is dominant part; the juvenile and subadult are more than adults among June to July in 2010, and subadult and adult are main parts among August to September. In conclusion,the population reproductive parameters above are reflection of Daurian pika’s adaption to habitat in typical steppe.

Abstract:In order to understand the effects of water depth and food resources on the habitat use of waterbirds, we surveyed individual numbers, water depth of foraging and resting sites, food availability (density and biomass of winter buds of submerged macrophytes for bud-feeders) of four waterbird species (Grus leucogeranus, Cygnus columbianus, Ciconia boyciana and Platalea leucorodia) using plot methods in winter 2012 ~ 2013 in Shahu Lake, a sub-lake of Poyang Lake. A total of 152 plots were set in the lake with each plot being 150 m ? 150 m. The buds were collected in October before arrival of waterbirds and waterbirds were counted in January when large amounts of waterbirds concentrated in the lake. Distribution patterns of winter buds in different water depth in October were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z test. We compared water depth between foraging and resting sites of the 4 species using Mann-Whitney U test, respectively. We further compared water depth, density and biomass of winter buds in foraging sites and water depth in resting sites between Grus leucogeranus and Cygnus columbianus (both mainly forage on buds) using Mann-Whitney U test, respectively. We also compared water depth between two piscivorous waterbird species in foraging sites and resting sites, respectively. Regression analysis were used to assess the relationship between foraging bird numbers and water depth for the 4 species, as well as between foraging bird numbers and biomass of winter buds for 2 bud-feeding species. Results indicated that winter buds distributed in an average water depth of (124.2 ± 12.0) cm in October (Fig. 2). Water depth at foraging sites of all the four species were deeper than that at resting sites (Grus leucogeranus: Z = 11.96, Cygnus columbianus: Z = 4.69, Ciconia boyciana: Z = 14.44, Platalea leucorodia: Z = 29.33, P < 0.01 for all) (Table 1). Density of winter buds at foraging sites was not significantly different (Z = 0.6, P = 0.55). For the two bud-feeding waterbird species, Grus leucogeranus roosted in shallower water and foraged in shallower water with lower biomass of winter buds than that of Cygnus columbianus, and the former had shallower foraging depth that the latter (water depth at foraging sites: Z = 8.56; biomass of winter buds: Z = 2.93, foraging depth: Z = 14.69, water depth at resting sites: Z = 4.34, P < 0.05 for all). For the two piscivorous waterbird species, foraging depth, water depth at foraging sites and water depth at resting sites of Ciconia boyciana were deeper than that of Platalea leucorodia (water depth at foraging sites: Z = 10.60, foraging depth: Z = 9.35, water depth at resting sites: Z = 8.47, P < 0.01 for all). Regression analysis indicated significant quadratic relationships between the individual numbers of foraging Grus leucogeranus (R2 = 0.39, P < 0.05), Ciconia boyciana (R2 = 0.31, P < 0.05), Platalea leucorodia (R2 = 0.29, P < 0.05) and water depth at study site (Fig. 3). The water depth with the highest densities of the three species were 23.9, 33.0, and 22.6 cm, respectively. Individual number of foraging Grus leucogeranus (R2 = 0.43, P < 0.01) and Cygnus columbianus (R2 = 0.54, P < 0.05) increased with the increase of biomass of winter buds. Three wader species distributed only within a certain range of water depth and species with same diets distributed at different water depth to reduce overlap of spatial niche.

Abstract:With the 30-years conservation efforts, the wild population of Crested Ibis Nipponia nippon has been increased and the distribution has been expanded to more than ten counties around Yang County of Shaanxi Province in China. However, it is difficult to investigate the exact population size and distribution status of the wild Crested Ibis, although these data were important and needed to conservation management. From September to October, 2012, an integrative survey on the population size and distribution of wild Crested Ibis was conducted. The roosting sites were surveyed in 11 distribution counties by field investigation, known sites visiting, community interview and information feedback. 23 currently-using roosting sites were confirmed and located. A three-day simultaneous survey was conducted at these 23 roosting sites from 17th to 19th October, 2012 by counting the roosting population of each site. 20 roosting sites were used during the simultaneous survey, with 16 in Yangxian County, three in Ningshan County, and one in Chenggu County. Totally 1 090 individuals were recorded with 97.2% of them distributed in Yangxian County. There were 11 roosting sites supporting more than 40 ibises, with the largest roosting population of 184, which accounted for 91.7% of the total wild population (Table 1, Fig. 1). 19.0% of the total population were fledglings, which indicated 67.2% of the fledglings could survive to the autumn. To improve the conservation of the new expanded areas could benefit to the dispersal of the wild population, so as to decrease the threats of this endangered species.

Abstract:The Hangzhou Bay Bridge is located in the center of the Hangzhou Bay. Since the bridge has been completed, birds strike events have often occurred, which may impact both traffic and the migration of birds. Bird community surveys were conducted around the Hangzhou-bay Bridge from October 2008 to October 2009, and the covered birds data about the birds migrating during 30 years in the Hangzhou-bay were also analyzed, aim to establish birds baseline information for the local management government. Survey site were selected as the East-West Lake of the north wetland in Haining, the east of Cixi temple of the south wetland and the Sizaopu reservoir in Cixi around Hangzhou Bay Bridge. A total of 163 species 71589 birds were recorded

Abstract:A study about the nest selection and breeding ecology of a poorly-known rare species Blackthroat was carried out in Foping national nature reserve from April to July 2013.Line transect methodology was used to find male birds, territory and the nest. Nest sites were investigated by quadrat sampling method. The results showed that Blackthroat built nests in coniferous forest and coniferous broadleaved forest with dense bamboos at the elevation ranging from 2050 m to 2475 m. Two nest of Luscnia obscura were found and be measured. The results showed that the Luscnia obscura were first observed in Foping in early may. The nest were in horizontal natural soil hole on the steep slope below coniferous forest and coniferous broadleaved forest with dense bamboos. The nest consists of bamboo leaves, grass, moss etc. The average external dimensions of nest were 100.37± 4.00 mm length, 97.08± 5.22 mm width. The average internal dimensions of nest were 68.62± 1.69 mm length, 64.81± 0.74 mm width, and 36.07± 0.30 mm deep. We measure and collect data from 10 eggs from 2 nests. Average Clutch size was 5± 0.00 eggs. On average, eggs were 18.37± 0.08 mm long, 13.95± 0.15 mm wide, and 1.91± 0.05 g at laying. Incubation by female parents lasted 12～13 days. The hatching proportion was 0.60 ( n= 10 eggs). The survival rate was 0.50 ( n= 6). The nursing period was 11 days ( n= 1). The growth of body weight and length were fit with Logistic equation.

Abstract:To understand the characteristics of suitability habitat for the introduced red-eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) in Hainan， habitat selection was studied in Qionghai section of Wanquan River. Basing on 1 741 locations from 27 individuals tracked, the ecological factors such as elevation, slope, aspect, cover type, distance to water and human disturbance distance were collected. Linear regression was used to analyze the correlation of ecological factors. Using Vanderploge and Scavia's selectivity index to assess red-eared slider turtle's habitat selection for the different habitat parameters. 3S technology (GPS, RS, GIS) was used to analyze the data obtained from field surveys and satellite images, and classifying remote sensing data of Landsat TM digital image in 2009 by supervised classification. The results show that red-eared slider turtle preferred to these area with an altitude of 0~15 m, the human disturbance distance to water from 200 to 400 m, and artificial forest distance to water below 100 m. The analysis of GIS show that the most distribution of suitable habitat in central and eastern Qionghai, and the area of suitable habitat, less suitable habitat and unsuitable habitat were 95.13 km2, 153.32 km2 and 1 432.58 km2, accounting for 5.66%, 9.12% and 85.22% respectively of the total area. It was also implied that the red-eared slider turtle has a lot of potential invasion area in Qionghai section of Wanquan River. To some extent, the analysis on the habitat suitability can provide the basis data for preventing and controlling the red-eared slider turtle in Hainan.

Abstract:Sinibotia reevesae is an endemic fish which lives only in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The present study describes and characterizes the reproductive characteristic of S. reevesae in the Tuojiang River, a tributary river of the Yangtze River. 573 specimens were monthly collected from Apirl to November 2010 in Zizhong section of the Tuojiang River. Method：Standard length, body weight and gonad weight of each specimen，and eggs’ diameter of 30 females in Ⅳ stage were measured. The specimen’s ages were identified using lapillus’s abrasive disc. The gonads’ stage were divided into six stages referencing Liu Yun (1993). Statistic analysis of all data were taken using Microsoft excel 2003 and SPSS 19.0. Results: In April the testis and the ovaries are both in stage Ⅱ. From May to August, stage Ⅳ, Ⅴand Ⅵ ovaries and testis are found, and in September both ovaries and testis are degenerated to stageⅡ (Table 1). The spawing of S. reevesae population takes place from May to August, mainly in June and July, the sex can be distinguished between pectoral fin and cloaca (Fig 1). The sex-ratio of reproductive population of female vs. male is 1:1.15. 2 or 3 year-old S. reevesae reached their first sexual maturity, and the spawning stock mainly consisted of age 2, 3, 4 and 5 groups (Table 2). Standard length, weight, gonadal stage and gondosomatic index (GSI) of males at minimum maturity are 71 mm, 5.43 g, stage Ⅴ and 4.76%, and those of females minimum maturity are 76 mm, 7.80 g, stage Ⅲ and 1.46%, respectively. The distribution of eggs diameter shows one peak (Fig 2). Standard length, weight of reproductive population range from 76 mm to 120 mm and from 7.80 g to 41.60 g, respectively (Table 3).These implies that S. reevesae spawned from May to August, especially in June and July, and has a single period of spawning a year. The eggs of S. reevesae are small and sinking, and their embryonic development must be in fast flowing river.

Abstract:Abstract: Using conventional histological methods and scanning electron microscope，the developing process of oocytes and the morphological structure of the mature eggs of Gobio cynocephalus were observed. The results showed that Dybowsky egg development process was divided into six phases. In Phase Ⅰ the oocytes were primarily composed of undifferentiation oogonia, and in phaseⅡ the oocytes were surrounded by a layer of follicular cells. Phase Ⅲ and Ⅳ oocytes differentiated significantly, with accumulated vitelline vacuoles from plasmalemma to karyolemma and yolk from karyolemma to plasmalemma. Phase Ⅴ oocyte was the mature egg, with rich yolk and less vitelline vacuoles in the cytoplasm，and the Phase Ⅵ oocytes, if not released, entered the degradation stage, with damaged membranes and the yolk reabsorption. The micropyle shaped like a funnel, the type of micropyle area belongs to down spin hybrid system. The special structure named cylinder was full of the mature egg surface, the height of cylinder is 18.3~30.6um, the average density was about 0.15/um2, maybe the fishes with the similar ecological type like Dybowsky have this egg envolpe structure characteristics, we conjecture that it plays a significant role in fertilized egg hatching and embryonic development.

Abstract:Objective: To determine the role of mitochondrial COⅠ gene on classification and identification of species, a total of 39 single individuals of 9 species pertaining to 2 genera of Cynoglossidae in the Yangtze Estuary were barcoded by COⅠ, sequenced and compared with that of other Cynoglossidae species recorded in GenBank (Table 1). Methods: Total genomic DNA was extracted from each scale sample using the classic phenol / chloroform extraction method. ~650 bp COⅠ fragments were amplified using the primers, i.e., F1: 5’-TCA ACC AAC CAC AAA GAC ATT GGC AC-3’, R1: 5’-TAG ACT TCT GGG TGG CCA AAG AAT CA-3’. Each PCR amplification was performed in a total volume of 50μl of PCR mixture. PCR products were purified and then sequenced in both forward and reverse directions using an ABI PRISMTM 3730 XL Automated Sequencer. DNA sequences were aligned with ClustalW using default parameters. Base composition, variable and parsimony informative sites were determined using MEGA 5.0. Neighbor-joining (NJ) and Maximum parsimony (MP) phylogenetic trees were constructed for COI haplotypes (Kimura 2 Parameter substitution model, K2P; 1000 bootstraps pseudoreplications) using MEGA 5.0. Results: Using the MEGA 5.0 software for statistical analysis, the averaged AT content is higher than the GC content (Table 2). The GC content of codon position 1 averaged 53.8% (51.8%-57.3%), that of position 2 for 42.0%, and that of position 3 ranged from 28.1% to 37.8% in average of 32.4% (Table 4). The transitionsal pairs (si) was slightly more than the transversional pairs (sv), with the ratio (R=si/sv) was 1.45 (Table 3). Analysis of the frequency of amino acids in COⅠ gene encoding protein, which showed that the highest frequency of amino acid is leucine, and the lowest frequency of amino acid is tryptophan (Table 5). The average K2P distances pairwise-species and within-species were 0.191 and 0.003, respectively (Table 6). The K2P distance pairwise-species was 63.7 times of that within-species. According to the MP and NJ trees for all 39 sequences, it demonstrated that Cynoglossinae in the Yangtze Estuary is a monophyletic group (Fig. 1). However, the phylogenetic relationships revealed by the COⅠ sequence analyses were not consistent with those inferred from morphological classification. In contrast with morphological classification, Paraplagusis japonica of Rhinoplagusia and Cynoglossus robustus of Cynoglossoides were placed in a same clade with support of a high bootstrap value (Fig. 1). The species in the sub-genera of Areliscus clustered on an independent branch. But, synonymic phenomena existed in the following two groups of species: C. abbreviatus and C. purpureomaculatus, C. lighti and C. joyner, with the pairwise-species of 0.002 and 0.007, respectively (Table 6). Conclusions: Our results highlight that the information from COⅠ sequences not only can filter out the synonym of the same species, but also be able to carry out effective identification for Cynoglossidae species, which further showed that mitochondrial COⅠ is feasible as the classification barcode.

Abstract:After 5 days experimental exposure of Meretrix meretrix to different dosage of cadmium solution(0、1.5mg/L、3mg/L、6mg/L), the ultrastructural changes of hepatopancreas cells of M. meretrix was observed using transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that acute cadmium poisoning made a remarkable changes of the ultrastructure of hepatopancreas cells of M. meretrix, mainly in the breakage of endomembrane system and mitochondrial. The mitochondrial became swelling and vacuolating gradually, some mitochondrial crisae disintegrated. Rough endoplasmic reticulum ( RER ) disintegrated from the original plate layered, and formed in many different sizes of vesicles. Microvilli broke off and decreased gradually, and the vacuole appeared. Cytoplasm swelled and formed vacuoles which was filled with some sediment. The nuclear membrane invaginated and the membrane of golgi apparatus expanded too. The structural of the most organelles and endomembrane system were destroyed by Cd₂ solution, that affected the normal physiological function of hepatopancreas cells. With the increased concentration of cadmium solution, the cells of hepatopancreas also enhance the destruction.

Abstract:In this paper, the surface microstructures of suckers and endoskeletons,which collected from seven species in Cephalopods, were observed by the scanning electron microscope. Methods: Three samples from each structure were fixed with 2.5% pentanediol, and then, cut the suckers, endoskeletons separately into 0.5 cm x 0.5 cm of small pieces. All small pieces should be dehydrated with 30%,70%,95% and 100% alcohol before observed by the scanning electron microscope. Samples would be measured and taken pictures after them were observed. Results:The results showed that suckers of Octopus ocellatus, O. vulgaris and O. variabilis (belong to Octopodidae) had no teeth. There are teeth, on the suckers surface in populations of Sepia japonica and S. esculenta (belong to Sepiidae), and their sucker with cuticular ring. While, their teeth structures are difference in different species. However, in population of S. pharaonis, the suckers with smoothy cuticular ring and have no teeth. While, in the population of Uroteuthis chinensis, their suckers with cuticular rings have no teeth. In those cuttlefishes observed by scanning electron microscopy, all the endoskeletons surfaces (back and ventral) are composed of aragonite and small spherical particles, but the shape of aragonite and the arrangement of the spheric particles are different in different species. Conclusion: Those differences are enough to classify Cephalopods species as auxiliary characters.

Abstract:In this paper, soil nematode in 5 representative ecosystems of Lhalu wetlands were investigated in June and July 2010.A total of 10183 soil nematode were collected belonging to 2 classes,6 orders, 8 families and 14 genera.The dominant group were Eudorylaimus,Anaplectus,

Abstract:The specimens were collected from 12 different sampling areas in Gansu province . The results based on the study were summarized as follows:A total of 11 species were identified , including 1 new record genus , 4 new records species in Gansu Province and 1 unnamed species , belonging to 2 orders , 6 families and 7 genera. Eosentomidae and Berberentulidae were dominant groups in Gansu.Huashanentulus huashanensis was a widely distributed species. There were 3 species belonging to 2 genera of Berberentulidae distributed, There were 7 species belonging to 3 genera of Eosentomidae in Gansu , which accounted for 44% of the total numbers , only one species of Protentomidae was found . There was one species of Nipponentomidae in Gansu Province , Yavanna sinensis was a new record species in Gansu Province. There were 2 species of Aceretomidae including 1 unnamed species , belonging to 1 genus , which was only distributed in

Abstract:To determine the pathogenic bacterium infecting Siniperca chuatsi. Bacterium was isolated from the liver of diseased S. chuatsi and identified by the Vitek 2 Compact Identification System and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Healthy S. chuatsi was used for experimental infection with bacterial suspension. A bacterial strain B01 was isolated from diseased S. chuatsi. Identification demonstrated that the bacterium was Pseudomonas fluorescens（Table1，Picture 2）, and it’s growth characteristics was aslo studied. And the results indicated the B01 could fluoresce under ultraviolet(Picture 1). Infection with the bacterial suspension to healthy S. chuatsi could reproduce the diseased symptoms as occurred naturally and the same bacterium could be recovered from these infected Siniperca chuatsi. The susceptibility test to antibiotics demonstrated that the bacterial strain B01 was susceptible to enrofloxacin, norfloxacin, streptomycin and tetracycline（Table2）. P. fluorescens is a pathogen for S. chuatsi.

Abstract:Two specimens of Odorrana wuchuanensis, as new amphibian record in Hubei Province, were collected from Jianshi County, Hubei Province in September 2013. Extent of occurrence of O. wuchuanensis is extended from Eastern Mountains Dalou to Jianshi County, Hubei along the Mountains Wuling, Therefore, we suggest that its endangered category are assessed as Endangered (EN). Compared with the type specimens, the snout-vent length of the female specimen from Jiangshi is significantly greater than the maximum record in type specimens; the snout-vent length of the male specimen from Jiangshi is significantly shorter than the minimum record in type specimens. With small pale spinous granules on dorsolateral skin of body in female specimen from Jianshi, it is not the secondary sexual characteristic.

Abstract:Vision distance and color selection of Pardosa pseudoannulata were studied by distance effect testing (3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm, 7 cm) and color effect testing (redness, orange, yellowness, greenness). The testings were carried out by using P. pseudoannulata and dead Drosophila melanogaster as experiments material and two different groups of experiments equipments which were devised by ourselves. To confirm P. pseudoannulata’s vision distance, we observed and recorded their choice time of D. melanogaster in the different distances when they were hungry. Besiders, we ovbserved and recorded P. pseudoannulata’s choice time of different colors to test their color selection. Preference selection index (PSI) was used to express P. pseudoannulata’s choice situation, which meaned P. pseudoannulata’s choice time of D. melanogaster in the different distances or one color as percentage of total testing time. We tested PSI by the One-way ANOVA test. From results of the first group testing, we found out: (1) P. pseudoannulata had distance perception in vision and they had sensitivity of vision for the D. melanogaster in the distance of three, four, five and six centimeters. (2) P. pseudoannulata had the best and similar sensitivity of vision for the D. melanogaster in the distance of three amd four centimeters. However, the sensitivity of vision for the D. melanogaster in the distance of five centimeters exhibited significant decrease (P<0.05). For the D. melanogaster in the distance of five and six centimeters, P. pseudoannulata also had similar sensitivity. P. pseudoannulata’s sensitivity of vision almost defunctionalized in the distance over seven centimeters. (2) The standard curve of P. pseudoannulata’s choice time of D. melanogaster in the different distances: y=-9.6770x 118.74, R2=0.8378 and the standard curve of P. pseudoannulata’s choice time of “none D. melanogaster” in the different distances: y=9.6750x-18.729, R2=0.8377 suggested that sensitivity of P. pseudoannulata’s vision decreases correspondingly with an increase of D. melanogaster’s distance. The other group testing gave the PSI of choosing color were 35.40%±1.60% ?(redness),?36.03%±1.60% ?(greenness),?18.01%±1.60% ?(yellowness),?and?10.56%±1.60% ?(orange). Sensitivity to yellowness and orange were significantly lower than redness and greenness (P<0.05), indicating that they have the highest sensitivity to redness and greenness. It meaned P. pseudoannulat had different level sensitivity for different wavelength light.

Abstract:Spider is one species of the most spinning silk arthropods. Currently there are 8 kinds of silk glands, each with different biological functions, which used for some behavior activities of weaving nets, predation, escape, dispersal, woven eggs etc. Spider silk is a natural animal protein fiber, the result of 400 million years evolution of the spider, and it is also designed for the survival and reproduction of the spider. Adaptation and evolution of spider silk make itself have a variety of biological functions. But spider is not only spinning arthropod. Besides animal of Arachnids, there are many other arthropods, such as animal of Insecta and Myriapoda, have silk glands which can spin one or more kinds of silk protein fiber. Compared with insect, this paper will summarize the origin and types of spider silk gland, the composition,structure and varieties of spider silk fiber and their biological functions.

Abstract:Short essay, no abstract.

Abstract:无

Abstract:The bullfrogs is one of dangerous invasive species. We found the bullfrogs in the Lhasa Wetland National Reserve in June 2014.

Abstract:As a new bird record of Hubei province, the Ochre-rumped Bunting was found on May 15_th 2014 in Guanyindang County of Hubei province (30°22′55″N, 112°21′27″E, 30 m in altitude). This species was listed in IUCN red list (Near threatened), which is uncommon in south of China. About 3-5 individuals were seen in this area. After consulting literatures, this species was confirmed as a new bird record in Hubei province.

Abstract:Turdus cardis Discovered in Beijing