Abstract:Macro- and mid- soil animal was sampled from five quadrates (20 m×20 m each) to presented the soil community of Lhalu Wetlands in June and July 2010 of the study area.Total of 18 446 species,belonging to 3 phyla,7 classes,14 orders,32 families and 17 genera were recorded.Individuals belonged to Enchytraeidae was dominant and accounted for 10.95% of the total sampled specimen.About 84.63% of the total individuals were the component of 27 groups (family or genus) which are considered common groups.Among those common group,Acari and Collembola accounted for 32.5% and 31.43% of sampled individuals.The soil animals mainly distributed in the soil surface layer in the sampled quadrates.The value of diversity index H' in each samples from highest to lowest was in the order 3^#>5^#>4^#>1^#>2^#.The species similarity among the 5 samples were either medium or extreme dissimilarity (S was 0.105-0.400),respectively.

Abstract:This study for the first time reported a newly recorded order of turbellarians in China.Prolecithophora,a species Plagiostomum sp.,was collected from East River in Huizhou City (23°09'00.31″N,114°22'26.59″E),Guangdong Province.It was 4.51-6.00 mm long,with 4 eyes,a blunt round head,and a tapered tail.Its body,whose middle part appeared spindle-shaped,was covered with irregular brown fine grain.This flatworm was inactive and showed no response to light stimulation.It could feed on Rhabdocoela and Macrostomida turbellarians.It laid 1 egg per day,and 5-10 larvae were hatched from one egg in 10-15 d; subsequently these larvae matured in 20-25 d at 18-25℃.Histological observation showed that the basement membrane,beneath which there was brown fine grain,was one-third to half the thickness of its ectoderm.The ovary was anterior to testis,and both of them were located in both sides of enteron.Suprisingly,there was no boundary between ovary and testis.Bursa copulat rix,receptaculum seminalis,deferens and oviduct were absent.Extraneous spermatozoa distributed extensively around brain,ovary,mesoblast and endothelium of alimentary canal.Fleshy copulatory apparatus was circled in its sheath.Finally,this paper discussed the taxonomy and distribution of this species.

Abstract:The transparent mutant of Poecilia reticulate was hybrid with wild type for genetic study. The analysis of offspring phenotype showed that the transparent characteristics was recessively inherent, controlled by an allele in line with Mendelism. Stereomicroscopy was used to examine the types and patterns of chromatophores for each phenotype, and it was found that the transparent mutant exhibited loss of iridophore. The paraffin section examination and electronic microscopy on the skin and peritoneum of guppy showed that the transparent mutant had an intact structure of skin and peritoneum, except for the absence of iridophore layer in contrast to wild-type individual. Reflective iridophore was absent in transparent mutant to the penetration of light, resulting in transparent appearance. The mutants were healthy and fertile, showing a stably genetic trait, and the main internal organs, such as heart, liver, gut, gonads, kidney, gills, and spinal cord, were naked-eye visible in living fish. Therefore, the P.reticulate transparent mutant is an excellent experimental resource for in vivo studies.

Abstract:A total of 5 556 microsatellite sequences were found from ESTs databases (45 318 unigenes) which were constructed from brain,muscle,and liver tissues of Grass Carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella).According to these microsatellite sequences,118 pairs of primers were designed with Primer Premier 5.0.Nineteen pairs of microsatellite primers could be used to successfully amplify clear and highly polymorphic products by method of PCR.These EST-SSRs primers were employed to detect the genetic diversity of three groups of Grass Carp populations from the Yangtze River System (Shishou,Jianli,Changsha) and two groups from the Pearl River System (Qingyuan,Zhaoqing).A total of 93 polymorphic loci were amplified and 2 to 8 alleles or 4.89 alleles on average were detected by each primer.The average polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.415 4 to 0.460 4,indicating that Grass Carp population had lower genetic diversity; the average observed heterozygosity (Ho) was from 0.415 8 to 0.501 3 and the average expected heterozygosity (He) was from 0.450 6 to 0.5028.Changsha group had the highest mean expected heterozygosity (0.502 8),while Jianli group had the lowest mean expected heterozygosity (0.450 6) and mean observed heterozygosity (0.415 8).These observations indicate that Changsha group has the highest genetic diversity,whereas Jianli group has the lowest; F_st value indicates that the populations are lowly differentiated.After applying Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) test,several loci were found to be significantly deviated from HWE in five populations.The dendrogram based on genetic distance(D) showed two major clusters according to basin distribution of Grass Carp populations: the stocks from Changsha,Shishou and Jianli,which were sampled from the Yangtze River,were in one cluster; while the other cluster consisted of Zhaoqing and Qingyuan populations sampled from the Pearl River.

Abstract:In order to find and examine morphological differences between different ecotypes of Coilia nasus we measured the maxillary length, counted on vertebrae and anal fin ray by X-ray on 906 samples from four populations collected in Yangtze River Jingjiang in Jiangsu, Jiuduansha in Shanghai, Taihu Lake in Zhejiang, Poyang Lake in Jiangxi, respectively. The number of vertebrae and anal fin ray varied greatly no matter in the same or between different population. The number of vertebrae and anal fin ray were 81, 80, 77, 75 and 108, 109, 100, 98 in Jingjiang, Jiuduansha, Taihu Lake and Poyanghu Lake population, respectively. The ratio of maxillary length/head length in the four populations were 1.067, 1.063, 1.014 and 0.831 on average. ANOVA analysis on the number of vertebrae and ratio of maxillary length/head length indicated there was significant difference between the four populations except that between Jiuduansha and Jingjiang populations. However, the mean of anal fin rays did not showed any significant difference between all the four populations. The identification success rate between migratory population, including Jingjiang and Jiuduansha, with population of Taihu Lake and Poyanghu Lake were 92.9%, 92.8% and 99.5% by Bayes discriminant function. The results of this study indicate that C.brachygnathus and C.nasus taihuensis can be discriminated by some morphological differences although the existing research has agreed in both of them belonging to C. nasus.

Abstract:The mating behaviors of Lacerta viviparawere studied in the May of 2007 and 2008 by the methods of instantaneous and scan sampling and of all-occurrence recording. The results show that the basic patterns of mating behavior of L.vivipara are chasing; biting abdomen; encircling; sexual intercourse and separating. Chasing accounts for 2.35% of total time; biting abdomen for 0.51%; encircling for 8.44% and sexual intercourse for 88.70%. The mating activities begin at 8 a.m. and focus from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. During the period, the average illumination intensity is (1 009.90±77.06)×10² lx ; the average air temperature is (31.53±0.36)℃(25.10-39.20℃); the average ground temperature is (41.03±0.60)℃(28.30-56.30℃); and the average humidity is 27.54%±0.58%(20.00%-43.50%). Environment factors, such as ground temperature, illumination and air temperature, mainly affected the mating behaviors of L.vivipara.

Abstract:Studies on winter habitat characteristics of Red-winged Laughingthrush (Garrulax formosus) were conducted at Laojunshan National Nature Reserve in Sichuan Province, China in January of 2010 and 2011.Red-winged Laughingthrushes often made in small flocks in winter, total of 78 individuals in 21 flocks were recorded in the study area during study period. They preferred secondary forest, and avoided primary forest and artificial forest. The results of comparative analysis indicated that Red-winged Laughingthrushes used the habitats with less and lower trees, dense shrubs, higher herbs, abundant lianes and larger canopy of vegetation at upper part of slope, in southward slope aspect, in lower altitude. In addition, Red-winged Laughingthrushes also preferred to select the sites close to the forest edge and water resources. Logistic regression analyse suggested that slope aspect, average height of trees and cover of shrubs were the most important three factors influencing the habitat selection of Red-winged Laughingthrush. The regression model could be formally expressed as: π(x)=e^g(x)/(1 + e^g(x)), g(x)=-1.927 + 1.824 × slope aspect-0.337 × average height of trees + 2.136 × cover of shrubs. The model could predict the occurrence of wintering habitat of Red-winged Laughingthrush with an accuracy of 81.7%.

Abstract:Hog Deer(Axis porcinus)is an endangered ungulate that is only recorded south part of Yunnan in China.However,its biological and ecological knowledge is very limited.We made observation on 16 Hog Deer in Chengdu Zoo from March to December,2006 to study the diurnal time budget by scan sampling focal animals every 30 s in daily time from 7:00 to 19:00.We recognized 16 different behaviors and feeding,resting,standing,and locomotion were basic behavior that make up 56.06%,21.15%,17.10%,and 4.61%,of the diurnal time budget.The other 12 behaviors only took 1.08% of the time budget,respectively.No difference in behaviors between male and female was found,while significant difference was found between age group in locomotion and other behaviors.Temperature and humidity did not produce influence on behavior,but light intensity in autumn did show its influence on behaviors.

Abstract:The investigation of terrestrial mollusk in Baishuijiang National Nature Reserve in Gansu Province was carried out in 2005-2006.A total of 62 species or subspecies belonging to 12 families and 26 genera or subgenera had been obtained.The species of Oriental realm occupied absoluteness predominance and accounted for 85％of the total.The most abundant species diversity of terrestrial mollusks occurred along the altitudinal gradient of 600-1 200 m.Species number reduced greatly over 1 600 m.Terrestrial mollusks distributed on slope wasteland or shrub more than in the forest or farmland.

Abstract:A long term field monitoring work, from May 2004 to November 2010, on birds in Jiangxi-Wuyishan National Nature Reserve has brought the following positive results—263 bird species (under 148 genera of 51 families of 17 Orders) being recorded with 216 species of photos, about 19.8% of the Chinese birds as far known. G-F index analysis indicating remarkably higher the diversity at family level than in other taxon of the locality; field studies also revealing less difference of species diversity of birds appeared in all kind of habitats below the tree line of about 1900 m, whilst, between 800-1 900 m, birds more preferring to the original forests and those secondary woods recovering for over 30 years, those areas hence being the core habitats for birds. Wuyishan is also functioning as a refuge supporting a small and isolated population of some of those birds mainly occurring in Himalaya-Indo-China or Himalaya-SW China, and, the local population of the Cabot's Tragopan (Tragopan caboti) might be considered the healthiest one in nature, with the longest knowledge and understanding of our species, the human being, on the bird.

Abstract:Based on three surveys by the direct counting method and combined with the transects,the investigation of birds in the Lopnur Wild Camel National Nature Reserve (E 89°00'-93°30',N 38°42'-42°34') were carried out from 2010 to 2011.The results showed that there are 197 avian species in the region belonging to 19 orders,46 families and 109 genera,accounting for 43% of the total bird species in Xinjiang Province.Pechora Pipit (Anthus gustavi), Eurasian Robin (Erithacus rubecula) and Eurasian Siskin (Carduelis spinus) were found in the area for the first time.The species under state protection are more than 40,accounting for 21%.According to the types of avifauna,71 (36%) species belong to the Central Asia Type,and about 83 (42%) species belong to the Pan North Type,most of them are migratory birds.And about 15 (8%) species are from Tibet Plateau nearby Altun Mountains.At least 20 (10%) species are widely distributed.

Abstract:Bird species were recorded in Bangliang Gibbon Nature Reserve,Guangxi in May 2006,January,May and September to October 2010.A total of 223 bird species was accumulatively recorded under 49 families and 14 orders.Of them,146 species were residents in the nature reserve,40 species were summer migrants,34 species winter migrants,and 3 passage visitors.The avifauna is belongs to South China Region with a typical characteristics of north tropics.Twenty five birds were nationally protected; 5 species were listed in IUCN as globally threatened species.Bangliang Nature Reserve locates in the Sino-Vietnam Border biota which is one of the global hotspots of biodiversity.The reserve covers a typically karst area in north tropic in which harbors abundant species diversity,however,the animal resources are not studied well.

Abstract:Hydra robusta and H.vulgaris were cut transversely in the sub-hypostome region and the basal portion of two hydranth were grafted together. Three kinds of monster hydras, totally 78 individuals were found after 280 days continuous observation, it was shown that: 1 monster and its asexual reproduction offspring contained 2 kinds of falcate nematocyst ( H.robusta' s and H.vulgaris' falcate nematocyst); 2 its length could reach 52 mm when it stretched its body; 3 the average period of asexual gemmation was more than 10 days; 4 individuals died after reproducing 3-8 generations; 5 those who had 4, 5 and 6 tentacles consisted of 80%, 10% and 10% the individuals respectively; 6 it had no sexual reproduction; 7 it needed a relatively long time to regenerate after being cut off. When completing regeneration, both its form and development were as the normal one; 8 hyperplastic tissue appeared on the surface of its ectoderm, and went to apoptosis on the scapus, or disintegrated 1-2 days after disengaging form matrix; endoderm's cellular conglomeration frequently disengaged from the body, entering digestive chambers. The phenomena of hyperplasia and apoptosis appeared on the monster hydra from heterograft showed that hydra might have primitive immune system that can identify and exclude heterogenetic tissues.

Abstract:In the GH exon 1 region, a microsatellite locus was detected in 100 juvenile samples from a cultured stock of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. The polymorphism of this locus and the genetic effect of genotypes on economic traits in this stock were analyzed. The results indicated that this microsatellite locus was polymorphic. Five genotypes and three allele were tested. The frequency values of A, B and C alleles were 0.339, 0.609 and 0.517, respectively. The observed heterozygosity and expected heterozygosity of this locus were 0.540 3 and 0.511 2.And the polymorphism information content and the effective allele number were 0.423 8 and 2.045 8, respectively. One-way ANOVA result showed that fish with genotype AC were heavier than those with other genotypes and C was an effective allele in flounder weight.

Abstract:Immunocytochemical staining technique was used to study the expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in the nervous system and gonad of Coregonus peled. The results showed that there were GnRH immunoreactive endocrine cells in the cerebrum,cerebellum,diencephalon,medulla oblongata,and spinal cord.There were GnRH immunoreactive endocrine cells in the ovary and testis.The positive staining was observed mainly in the small growing oocyte,and in the interstitial cells and spermatogonia.The possible physiological function and morphological evidence of GnRH regulation on the development of gonad in C.peled were discussed.

Abstract:SRAP markers were used to amplify and analyze the genomic DNA of three Common Carp populations including Jian Carp (Cyprinus carpio var. jian), Huanghe Carp (C.c.haematopterus), and the FFRC Strain Common Carp (C.carpio). Of the 110 bands amplified by 10 primer combinations,92 (83.6%) were polymorphic.The average of polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.256.The highest and lowest Nei's diversity indexes were found in FFRC Strain Common Carp population (0.233) and Jian Carp population (0.205),respectively.The average Shannon's indexes were 0.332,0.298 and 0.352,respectively in three populations.As to the proportion of polymorphic loci,the most diverse group examined in our work was the FFRC Strain Common Carp population (71.2%),and the least was Huanghe Carp population (65.2%).The results indicate rich polymorphism information content and large genetic diversity in the FFRC Strain Common Carp population.The genetic distance and genetic identity results also suggest that the FFRC Strain Common Carp inherits more genetic material from Jian Carp than from Huanghe Carp.

Abstract:The ultrastructure of sperm head in Chinese Rat Snake Zaocys dhumnades was observed by transmission electron microscopy. According to the changes of the structure of axenomal complex, the typical sperm head formation could be divided into four stages. StageⅠ , when the preacrosomal vesicle approached the nucleus, the particulate materials in the preacrosomal vesicle came into being an acrosomal granule at the bottom of acrosomal vesicle. As the preacrosome became bigger, the subacrosomal granule changed to fibrous material layer. StageⅡ, the spermatid acrosomal vesicle flattened and the acrosomal granules dispersed in the acrosome vesicle. The vesicle membrane merged to form a cap-shaped acrosomal vesicle. StageⅢ, the nucleus moved from the center to the cell pole, and proximal centriole, distal centriole and microtubules appeared. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum moved from the center to the other cell pole. StageⅣ, a large number of microtubules gathered around the nucleus. As the diameter of microtubules around the nucleus became smaller, acrosomal complex fully developed.

Abstract:We reviewed the species composition and abundance, fauna,geographical distribution and conservation situation of reptiles occurred in Hubei by studying literature published in the recent 20 years. A total of 78 species of reptile was listed under 44 genera,12 families and 2 orders. Most of them are distributed in southwest (57 species,73.1%),northwest (47 species,60.3%) and southeast (43 species,55.1%) parts of Hubei. A total of 62 (79.5%) of them are oriental realm species,8 (10.3%) palearctic realm species and 8 (10.3%) widespread species, respectively. Within the oriental realm species, 36 (58.1%) of them are originated in the central and south area of China, 15 (24.2%) species are originated in the central area of China, and 11 (17.7%) species are originated in the southeast area of China. A total of 25 species (32.1%) are listed in the "China Species Red List", and 16 species (20.5%) are list as protected species in Hubei. The reptiles in Hubei Province are non-random distribution and the fauna of reptile is dominated by oriental realm species and most of them are listed as protected species.

Abstract:Abstract: The birds at Dangan Island, Guangdong were surveyed by point counts from May 2008 to November 2009.Seventy-four species were recorded. Among them, twenty-nine species were residents, forty-five ones were migrants. Forty-five and forty-eight species were recorded in the rain season and dry season, respectively. There were no significant differences between the rain season and dry season on the mean species richness per point (3.5 vs. 3.7, Z=-0.86, P=0.39), but there were significant differences on mean abundance per point (9.7 vs. 12.9, Z=-2.19, P=0.03). There were 11 shared species between 1980-1981 and 2008-2009.Five common species, which recorded in 1980-1981 were not seen in 2008-2009.Other six common ones, which recorded in the present survey, lacked in 1980-1981.More concerns are needed to explain the reasons of common immigrant species and emigrant species in the future.

Abstract:Hair-crested Drongo (Dicrurus hottentottus) is monomorphic bird and is difficult determined their sex in the field.In this study,we created a disriminant model based on the morphometrical measurements from 79 specimens of D.h.brevirostris to identify sex for those specimens who were capture in Dongzhai National Nature Reserve,Henan and their sex were determined by using molecular technical method.The morphometrical measurements included body mass,bill length,bill depth,bill-head length,tarsus length,wing length,tail length,body length,number of hairs,length of the longest hair,length of the second-longest hair,length of the third-longest hair and average length of three longest hairs.The measurements of bill depth,bill-head length,tarsus length,wing length,tail length,number of hairs and length of the longest hair took from males were significantly larger than those from the females.By constructing the discriminant model based on a given single morphological measurements that is significant difference between male and female,we found that model based on wing length had the highest accuracy (81.0%) on average than models built by multiple morphological measurement.Therefore,we recommend the wing length model D (discriminant score)=0.239×wing length-40.359 can be used to determine the sex for Hair-crested Drongo.

Abstract:Two specimens of Paa exilispinosa were collected from Baishanzu Nature Reserve on 26 June 2010.This species was a new record in Zhejiang Province.