Abstract:The taxonomic status of Schizopygopsis kessleri distributed in Qiadam Basin is remained controversial for a long time.In the present study,the complete sequence of the mitochondrial Cyt b gene from twenty four individuals of S.kessleri collected from the Geermu River and Tuosu Lake in Qiadam Basin and twelve individuals of S.pylzovi from the Yellow River and Beichuan River in Datong was sequenced.The taxonomic status of S.kessleri was investigated based on the genetic distance and phylogenetic analyses.The results showed that individuals of S.kessleri and S.pylzovi were not formed reciprocal monophyletic clades in the phylogenetic trees,and the average genetic distance(0.54%) between S.kessleri and S.pylzovi was lower than that between other species from the same genus and between species from other genera of subfamily Schizothoracinae,which suggested that S.kessleri from Qiadam Basin has not reached the genetic divergence level of species.The results of previous geological study,coupled with the status of geographical isolation between Qiadam Basin and Yellow River,suggested that S.kessleri should be regarded as a subspecies,S.pylzovi kessleri of S.pylzovi.

Abstract:The Annexin A4 gene was cloned from the Grass Carp(Ctenopharyngodon idellus) liver and kidney cDNA library.The full sequence was 1 307 bp,containing a 5' untranslated region of 104 bp and a 3' untranslated region of 237 bp.The open reading frame was 966 bp which could code a 321 amino acids peptide.The Grass Crap Annexin A4 had a tail(N-terminal region) and a core domain(C-terminal region).The N-terminus was composed of 15 residues.The core domain was made up of four similar repeats,each covering a type Ⅱ calcium binding site.And there was a KGD motif in the fourth site.The Grass Crap Annexin A4 had a high expression level in the liver,kidney,spleen,heart,gill and intestine,but its expression was not detected in the muscle and brain.Additionally,down-regulated expression of Annexin A4 was detected in all of the six tissues after Grass Carp was challenged by Poly Ⅰ:C.Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that Grass Carp Annexin A4 shared the highest homology with that of Zebra Fish(Danio rerio).Positive selection sites were not detected by adaptive evolutional analysis,and therefore Annexin A4 might be highly conserved and have strong functional constraint.

Abstract:During June and July 2001,the incubation behavior with nest description of Hume's Leaf Warblers(Phylloscopus humei) was studied at the Lianhuashan Natural Reserve in Gansu Province of China.The clutch size was 4.3±0.5 eggs(4-5,n=4) with measurement of(14.0±0.4) mm×(11.2±0.4) mm(n=17).Nestling period was 13.8±0.5 d(13-14,n=4).Active length in the day of the female during the incubation period averaged 833.2±40.0 min.Female left the nest averaged 46.6±12.2 times(n=27) per day,and the duration of period-off and period-on were 5.3±2.8 min(n= 1 435) and(12.7±7.5) min(n= 1 409) respectively.Constancy of incubation was 72.4%±11.6%(n=21).The duration of the period-off and period-on in raining days was different from which in sunny days,the constancy of incubation in sunny day was 71.5%±12.1%(n=13) and which in raining days was 75.1%±9.0%(n=8).Egg temperature during all the incubation period averaged 31.2℃(58 879 recordings in 49 066 min),and the egg temperature decreased 9.4±3.4℃(n= 1 450) in average during period-off.

Abstract:Using PCR product direct sequencing,mitochondrial control region(CR) sequences of 10 individuals of Myotis macrodactylus were analyzed for the first time.The CR sequences of M.macrodactylus,as in other mammals,could be subdivided into a central conserved domain(CD,including five boxes:F,E,D,C and B) and two flanking variable domains:extended termination associated sequences(ETAS,including two conserved elements:ETAS1 and ETAS2) and conserved sequences blocks(CSB,including three conserved elements:CSB1,CSB2 and CSB3).The CD was the most conserved domain with the nucleotide variance rate of 1.8%.Because of the repeated sequences which were different in base composition,copy number and arrange type,the CR sequences showed notable length polymorphism(1 778-2 048 bp).In the ETAS,the short sequence TACAT and its reverse complementary sequence were found seven times,supporting the slipped mispairing model.This paper has provided basic genetic data for further study and protection of M.macrodactylus.

Abstract:This study was designed to investigate the expression of ghrelin mRNA in the hypothalamus of rats at the estrus and diestrus.Twelve virginal rats were classified into 2 groups as the estrus(n=6) and diestrus(n=6) which were determined by vaginal smears daily.All animals were killed by decapitation,and samples of hypothalamic tissue were obtained to detect the value of ghrelin and GnRH mRNA by real-time RT-PCR.Results showed that expression of ghrelin mRNA in the hypothalamus changed with the oestrous cycle,higher in the diestrus compared to that in the estrus(P<0.01),while on the contrary GnRH mRNA level was higher in the estrus than that in the diestrus(P<0.01).Results suggest that ghrelin may down-regulate the expression of GnRH mRNA in the hypothalamus.

Abstract:The Plateau Pika(Ochotona curzoniae) is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and is a key species in the alpine meadow ecosystem.In this paper,genetic diversity and differentiation of four populations of Plateau Pika from both banks of the Brahmaputra River were assessed with inter-simple sequence repeat(ISSR) and Cyt b gene sequences.Our results showed that the genetic diversity of Plateau Pika was relatively high and there were much larger deviations among populations based on Cyt b gene than those based on ISSR marker.Analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA) in ISSR revealed a low level of genetic differentiation among the four populations.Of the total genetic variance,13.50% was attributable to among-population variance,and the results of the UPGMA cluster analysis indicated that populations from north bank and south bank of the Brahmaputra River were intersectant.However,AMOVA in Cyt b gene indicated that 79.24% of the total genetic variance was explained by differences among the four populations,and the UPGMA cluster of the four populations demonstrated that the populations from north bank and south bank were clustered into two single groups,respectively.Therefore,we suggest that Cyt b gene is a better marker than ISSR in reflecting the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of populations.

Abstract:Proper expression of stage-specific genes is very important for early embryo development.The mRNA differential display was used to study the stage-specific genes in rabbit preimplantation embryos.A total of 42 positive differential fragments were obtained,of which 5 fragments had no homolog in the NCBI and EMBL.These fragments were submitted to the EMBL and accession numbers were given.All these 5 genes were specifically expressed in morula stage.Maternal-to-zygotic transition of rabbit starts from 8-16 cell stage,and therefore,these genes should be embryo-specific.This research would lay a foundation for further investigating the transcriptional modulation of rabbit preimplantation embryo development.

Abstract:The Tree Shrew(Tupaia belangeri) is a unique species of small mammals in the Oriental realm.In order to study their cold adaptive capacity in cold environment,the Ⅲ state and the Ⅳ state of mitochondrial respiration,the protein content of mitochondria of liver were measured under the condition of being cold exposure(5±1℃,12L:12D) during different times [0 d(control),7 d,14 d,21 d,28 d].Compared with the controls,the total protein,mitochondrial protein,and the Ⅲ state and the Ⅳ state of mitochondrial respiration of liver greatly increased with prolonged cold exposure(increased 39.9%,39.3%,84.9%,181.1%,respectively,after 28 d).The result indicates that the liver plays a key role of the adaptive thermogenesis during cold exposure in the T.belangeri.The physiological ecology evidence is also given to the island origin of T.belangeri.

Abstract:Agonistic behavior and hierarchical formation of the Przewalski's Horse(Equus przewalskii) was conducted from the last ten-day in May to the last ten-day in June,2007,when a new herd was formed and released into the second reintroduction site in Kalamaili Ungulate Reserve,Xinjiang.Focal sampling and all-occurrence sampling methods were used to observe and record the agonistic behaviors of the herd,and the dominance index of each individual was calculated.No significant correlation was detected between the age and the aggressive behaviors frequency(r=0.60,t=1.62,r<r_0.05),however,a significant correlation between the age and the surrender behaviors(r=0.88,t=6.75,r>r_0.05) was found.There was no significant correlation between the aggressive and the surrender behaviors(r=0.56,t=1.41,r<r_0.05) among individuals in the herd.The master stallion had the highest dominance index,while females in the group had a linear series ranks corresponding to its age(r=0.94,t=13.99,r>r_0.05).The frequency of agonistic behaviors between individuals decrease gradually from coalition to releasing period,and the hierarchy formed and stabilized gradually.

Abstract:Interspecific relationship of habitat use by Takin(Budorcas taxicolor) and Serow(Capricornis sumatraensis) was studied in South East Tibet,China between December 2001 and July 2002.A total of fourteen transects were set randomly along Cibagou Valley in the Cibagou National Nature Reserve,and 187 sample plots(10 m×10 m) were set every 250 m apart from the bottom to top position of the transects,the vegetation types of plots were recorded,and other 9 habitat quantitative parameters of them including altitudes and slops,etc,were also measured.We have also checked if there were new tracks of Takin or Serow in winter,spring and summer,respectively.Vanderploge and Scavia's selectivity index was used to assess Takin and Serow's habitat selection and found that Takin mostly preferred fargesia-coniferous forests while Serow mostly preferred fargesia-coniferous forests in winter.A discriminant analysis for 9 quantitative factors showed there was no significant difference between the habitat selection of Takin and Serow.In spring,Takin most preferred fargesia-coniferous forest,followed by broad-conifer mixed forest while Serow preferred theropencedrymion mostly,followed by fargesia-coniferous forest;the discriminant analysis for 9 quantitative factors showed significant differences between Takin and Serow,and the interspecific differences in selection on slope degree,slope aspect and distances from water were most significant.In summer,Takin mostly preferred Alpine meadow-shrubs,while Serow mostly preferred theropencedrymion,followed by fargesia-coniferous forests and rhododendron-coniferous forests;the discriminant analysis for 9 quantitative factors showed significant differences between Takin and Serow,and the interspecific differences in altitude,shelter,cover canopy,arbor density,bamboo density and vegetable type were most significant.Their coexistence mechanism and reasons for differentiation were discussed through food,behavior and other aspects.

Abstract:The protein components contained in the snake venom of Gloydius shedaoensis shedaoensis（GSS-SV） were labeled with the fluorescent dye of Cy5.Then,the two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis（2D SDS-PAGE） profile of GSS-SV proteome was obtained.Gel image analysis by DeCyder software resolved over 1 000 protein spots with the apparent molecular weights ranging between 10 and 150 ku on the gel.The protein spots with the pI ranging between 4 and 7 covered about 78.8% of the overall protein spots detected by the 2D SDS-PAGE.Post-staining of the gel was performed by a high sensitive fluorescent dye,Deep Purple.Five protein spots were excised from the gel and digested by trypsin in-gel.The tryptic peptides were separated by high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） and subsequently sequenced by electro-spray ionization tandem mass spectrometry（ESI-MS/MS）.The mass spectrometry data were searched against the NCBInr database through the software of Sequest Bioworks for protein identifications.The above mentioned five gel spots were identified as the snake venom L-amino acid oxidase,metalloproteinase,thrombin-like enzyme（salmobin）,plasminogen activator and phospholipase A₂,respectively.The results prove that the proteomic techniques based on two-dimensional electrophoresis,protein fluorescent labeling technique and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS can be utilized in the analysis of protein components in the snake venom complex at high throughput level.

Abstract:A compound staining method composed of the Ponceau S picric acid,Resorein basic fuchsin and Perls stainings was used to show the distribution of collagen,elastic and muscular fibers and iron in the blood vessel.It was found that the compound staining displayed the red collagen,brown elastic and yellow muscular fibers,as well as green iron.The compound staining method could clearly identify different fibers in the blood vessels.

Abstract:Sphaerospora chinensis has experienced a complicated and confused naming process,but we have corrected this misleading situation in paper.We observed its structure by both light microscopy and electron microscopy.The whole shape of S.chinensis was ovoid and its polar capsules were surrounded by a lucent central layer,and so did the polar filament.Valve cells were originated from valve-forming body,a special tiny structure at the edge of pansporoblast.The two valves were jointed by tight junction in mature individuals.The two valves of spore both had several lines of stripes on the outer surface,but they were different in shape and colour to some extent.S.chinensis showed gill-parasitized and monosporous pansporoblasts.With the development of S.chinensis,organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum and microtubules degenerated or even disappeared.The extrusion of polar filament from polar capsule was a common phenomenon which suggested that the tendency of extrusion was likely due to the way of parasitism,i.e.,the sticky polar filament contributed to making the spore adhere to the gill filament.Chongqing was found to be a new distribution place of this species.

Abstract:The distribution of CREB mRNA was investigated by in situ hybridization in the brain of three castes of Polyrhachis vicina.Extensive expression of CREB mRNA was observed in the brain of all three castes.The prominent positive reaction was observed in the Keyron cells of mushroom body,the optic lobe and the olfactory lobe.Relatively higher expression was found in the olfactory lobe and mushroom body of workers' brain as well as in the optic lobe of males' brain.These results suggest that CREB may play a critical role in obtaining and integrating the visual and olfactory information in the nervous system,and may be relevant with social community behaviors.

Abstract:The characteristics of embryonic development and glochidia structure were observed in Lamprotula leai by means of light microscopy.The results showed that the isolecithal fertilized eggs developed synchronizedly in the inner and outer gill of the female.The embryonic development of L.leai could be divided into 6 stages:oosperm,cleavage,blastocyst,gastrulae,glochidia in membrane and glochidia.The cleavage was holoblastic and spiral.The unfertilized egg degenerated in the gill.There were relations between different stages of the embryonic development and the colours of the embryo and the inner and outer gill of the mother.All embryos would expel from the gill when the environment of mussel had changed.The data on embryonic development character could be used for guiding artifical breeding of L.leai.

Abstract:Reproductive behavior of the freshwater prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii,which is native to the Pusur River in Chalna County,Khulna Division,Bangladesh,was observed from Jun to Sept,2007.Time-lapse video was used to record typical behavior throughout the reproduction period.The reproductive process described in this paper was definitively referred to the duration from the time of encounter and recognition between two sexes to egg-carrying of the female respectively under the given conditions.Males with 80.0 g plus body weight and the females with 40.0 g plus body weight,the individuals used in this observation were caught from the lower reaches of the Pusur River,then were acclimated in the pools for 15 days outside the riverbank and fresh escargots meat,Viviparus iaiopoma,were provided as food.After acclimation,males above 80 g and female above 40 g were selected and moved into the indoor concrete tanks with a density of one reproductive pair/m2(RP,defined as one male and one female) for further observation.A typical successive process included following incidents:encountering and recognizing between the sexes,male occupying territory,female molting,male seizing a receptive female and performing precopulatory guard,copulating and transmitting its spermatophore to the female,postcopulatory guard and releasing the female,female spawning and carrying eggs.Mate-guard is the main mating tactics for the success of reproduction.

Abstract:A total of 104 individuals of Coilia nasus were collected from the Yangtze River and artificial pond from 2006 to 2008.Comparative observation of the gonads development was conducted.The histological observation showed that the ovary of C.nasus from Jiangyin area of the Yangtze River transformed from phaseⅡ to phase Ⅳ from April to July.The gonadosomatic index(GSI) of these sauries from Anqing area of the Yangtze River was higher than that from Jiangyin area at the same period(July),while there was no statistical difference.For most of the males domesticated in artificial pond,the development of spermary was in proliferative period with large numbers of spermatids in spermatic lobule,but there was no mature individual found.The ovary of the female collected from the pond in December was in phase Ⅱand could develop into the late phase Ⅳ in June.The GSI was significantly higher than that of the saury from Jiangyin area of the Yangtze River in May and Anqing area in July.Therefore,the sexual maturation of C.nasus from the Yangtze River isn't determined only by the migratory site,while the development of gonads is similar among different migratory populations at the same period.The ovary of C.nasus domesticated in artificial pond can develop into the late phase Ⅳ at least.

Abstract:The objective was to measure biochemical components and energy density in muscles of Coilia mystus,C.ectenes and C.ectenes taihuensis in spawning season.At the same time the nutritive quality was evaluated and the influence on biochemical components of different ecological habits was also explored.In this experiment,fifty female samples with ovary in stage Ⅴ of each population were collected from Changxing Island(Shanghai,China),Xuliujing-Tiehuangsha(Changshu,China),and Wuli Lake(Wuxi,China) respectively in 2008 from May to July,and correlative indexes of each population were tested with average results of three duplicates.The results showed that the contents of moisture were 74.62%-81.87%,crude protein 15.06%-18.08%,crude fat 1.65%-6.78% and ash 0.98%-1.49% based on fresh muscles,and the energy density showed 4.447-7.209 kJ/g.The essential amino acid indexes were 70.49-76.04.Contents of unsaturated fatty acid were 62.50%-72.48%,of which ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid accounted for 6.54%-8.39%.Among mineral elements contents K showed the highest value while Cu showed the lowest.The results indicated that three populations of the genus Coilia all were ideal protein sources,which contained plenty of poly-unsaturated fatty acid,mineral elements,and some other essential factors,such as lysine,branched-chain amino acid,EPA and DHA.By means of comparative analysis on biochemical components,it could be found that crude fat and energy density of C.ectenes were significantly higher than those of C.mystus and C.ectenes taihuensis,the remarkable difference indicated that the energy reservior for reproductive migration might come from the fat accumulation,which also showed the significant influence of migration behavior on biochemical components.

Abstract:Hynobius chinensis was re-discovered by Wang et al.from the type locality in 2005,116 years after its first description,which proves that H.chinensis is a true Hynobius species.In this paper,the karyotype of H.chinensis from the type locality was described by using embryos and staining with Giemsa.The results indicated that all individuals had a diploid number of 56 chromosomes and can be divided into four groups:the first group contained large biarmed m,sm,st chromosomes(Nos.1-9);Nos.10-13 composed the second,medium-sized group which contained m and sm chromosomes;the third group was composed of 5 pairs of metacentric chromosomes(Nos.14-18);the fourth group included 10(Nos.19-28)uniarmed microchromosomes.The results indicated that the karyotype of H.chinensis was similar to that of the other species with 2n=56 chromosomes.Although there were also some differences in the centromere type and grouping,the diploid chromosome number is not changed.

Abstract:To study the toxic effect of nonylphenol on Rana nigromaculata blood,osmotic pressure and blood cells were researched.200,400 and 600 mg/kg nonylphenol were injected in R.nigromaculata by the abdominal lymph capsule separately,and a vapor pressure osmometer was used to measure blood osmotic pressure in different time.At the same time,blood smears were done to observe the abnormalities of blood cells.The results showed that at the same treated time,plasma osmolality increased in R.nigromaculata with the increasing concentration of nonylphenol.The blood cells enlarged,blood cell nucleolus splited,the phenomenon of uneven quality were observed obviously.At the same treated group,with the increasing concentration of nonylphenol,blood osmotic pressure increased,blood cells enlarged,the nucleus damage was aggravated.Nonylphenol could induce the micronucleus(MN) and other nuclear anomalies(ONA) in erythrocytes of peripheral blood.With nonylphenol concentration increasing,the rate of MN and ONA increased first and decreased last.The rate of MN and ONA decreased with the treated time expand.

Abstract:The purpose of this study is to establish an efficient way for mouse parthenogenetic activation.Oocytes were recovered from mice at different hours after hCG administration and were denuded of cumulus cells with hyaluronidase.The cleavage and blastocyst rates of mouse oocytes activated with different concentrations of strontium chloride,and different durations of ethanol stimulation with or without 6-dimethylamino-purine,were analyzed.The cleavage rate of oocytes collected at 15-16,18-19,20-21 hours were increased after treatment with 6 mmol/L SrCl₂.The cleavage rate of oocytes collected at 20-21 hour was significantly higher than that of oocytes collected at 18-19 or 20-21 hour（P<0.05）.The blastocyst rate of oocytes collected at 18-19 hour was the highest among different groups.The cleavage rate of oocytes treated with 6 mmol/L and 10 mmol/L SrCl₂ were 76.4%,83.6%,and the morula rates were 50.0% and 56.3% respectively.The cleavage rate of oocytes treated with 70 ml/L ethanol for 7 min was 77.1%,and the blastocyst rate was also significantly higher than that of the other two groups（P<0.05）.The combination of 6-DMAP and SrCl₂ or ethanol,improved the extrusion of second polar body,and the diploid parthenogenetic embryonic rate.The average number of parthenogenetic blastocyst cells was significantly lower than that of normal blastocysts（P<0.05）.The cleavage of mouse parthenogenetic embryos depends on both the oocyte age and activation protocols.The parthenogenetic activation for oocytes collected at 18-19 hour by treatment with 10 mmol/L SrCl₂ or 70 ml/L ethanol combined with 6-DMAP,was the most efficient approach.

Abstract:Apodemus chevrieri is an exotic species inhabiting Hengduan Mountains.In order to study its adaptive energy strategies under low temperature of the wood mice,we measured energy budge,BMR and NST during cold exposure for 28 days.During cold exposure,its body mass and temperature decreased gradually,while energy intake,digested energy and metabolizable energy intake increased gradually and achieved the highest value after 21 days.BMR and NST increased and reached to 187.19%,155.97% respectively of the control after 28 days.The ratio of(NST-BMR)/BMR was 1.02 after 7 days and then dropped to 0.53 in 21 days,and then kept at a steady level.During cold exposure,A.chevrieri reduced its body mass and temperature,and increased energy intake,digested energy,assimilated energy and thermogenesis properties of BMR and NST in order to maintain the balance of energy metabolism.In the early stage of the cold acclimation,the NST was dominant in the thermogenesis,but as the time continued further,it reduced.It was possible that the pattern of the energy budge in A.chevrieri during cold acclimation is also the character of other rodents inhabiting Hengduan Mountains.

Abstract:2006年10月28日,作者在新疆阿拉尔市塔里木大学集贸市场采购到1尾活的属于塘鳢科小鱼;2007年6月15日,塔里木大学文理学院学生在新疆生产建设兵团农一师十二团八连(属阿拉尔市管辖)塔里木河灌溉沟渠中抓获一批小杂鱼,从中获得6尾与上述小鱼同样的鱼;2008年6月,塔里木大学动物科学学院水产养殖专业学生在农一师十四团附近塔里木河灌溉沟渠进行课程实习时,采集的鳅科鱼类中也混有不少这样的鱼。经鉴定,该批塘鳢科鱼为河川沙塘鳢(Odontobutis potamophilaG.nther),属鲈形目(Perciformes)塘鳢科(Eletridae)沙塘鳢属。

Abstract:Two specimens of Ochotona pusilla were trapped in the Kizilozen Area,Jayer Mountain Region,Karamay District,Xinjiang on September 4^th 2008.The specimen was trapped at area covered by shrub-grass vegetation,dominated by Juniperus sabina,Spiraea hypericifolia,Festuca ovina and Carex sp.Rodents Spermophilus erythrogenys,Apodemus uralensis and Ellobius tancrei were captured in the same habitat.It is the first time to record O.pusilla in this region.

Abstract:Sustained energy intake and metabolic rate(Sus EI/MR) play an important role in geographical distribution,survival adaptation and reproductive success of animal species,but in some situations it is constrained.Sus EI/MR is not limited extrinsically by food availability or intrinsically by the capacity of animals to intake,process or absorb energy.The limits on Sus EI/MR may be imposed peripherally by the capacity of tissues to utilize energy,the so-called "peripheral limitation" hypothesis,or acted by the capacity to dissipate heat,that is the so-called "heat dissipation limitation" hypothesis.In addition,a trade-off of reproductive investment between seasons may be employed to maximize reproductive output,namely "seasonal investment" hypothesis.Some results have been reported to provide the evidences for these hypotheses.However,the mechanisms underlined the constrained Sus EI/MR are not fully explained by any of the above hypothesis.Finally,the possible research trends in this field are proposed.