Abstract:The pathological changes of digestive organs were observed by optical microscopy and electron microscopy at the 3rd,5th,7th,9th,and 11th day after artificial infection of Hyriopsis cumingii with the pathological tissue liquid.The results showed that the H.cumingii Plague virus damaged the structure of the digestive organs.The liver was most seriously damaged.This digestive gland was swelling and its lumen was smaller at the 7th day of infection,and after that vacuolation and coenocytes were observed.Under electron microscope,the organelles such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum were damaged and the virus particles were frequently observed.Pathological changes also included stomach and intestine damages.Their structure damage was not obvious within 7 days of infection,but after the 7th day the columnar cells became swellen and the cilia were detached from the epithelial cells.Under electron microscope,organelles damage and even vacuolation were observed.The virus particles became more frequently observed at later stage of infection,but less than observed in the liver.

Abstract:The yolk protein is the chief nutrition material during embryogenesis.The quantity and quality of yolk is crucial for early larval growth.We have used Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration chromatography to separate lipovitellin from the Acipenser baerii.There were seven protein chromatography peaks.The peak b protein was composed of three subunits with molecular weights of 30.6 ku,40.8 ku and 76.7 ku,respectively as revealed by the SDS-PAGE electrophoresis analysis.Oil red O,Methyl green and the Schiff staining showed that the peak b protein was rich in glucose,lipid and phosphorus.Lipovitellin of A.baerii contained rich asparagines acid,lysine acid,glutamic acid,serine acid,leucine acid and valine acid.The quantity of flavor amino acids such as glutamic acid and asparagines acid in A.baerii was abundant when compared to that in other species.

Abstract:At 14.5±0.5℃,the oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rate of the Brook Trout(Salvelinus fontinalus)(mean body weight 26.5±2.0 g,n=260)were measured in satiation and starvation stage.The results indicated that the standard oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rate were 175.00±8.49 mg/kg·h and 2.91±0.40 mg/kg·h respectively.The postprandial changing patterns in oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were similar:after feeding,both rates increased drastically,and reached their maximum levels(375.93±9.73 mg/kg·h and 16.01±0.37 mg/kg·h,n=130)in a short time(6.0±0.3 h and 7.0±0.5 h,n=130),then decreased slowly towards their standard levels.The duration for the postprandial changes were 23.0±1.5 h and 23.0±2.0 h,the increased magnitude of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion were respectively 2 641±137 mg and 164±10 mg compared with the standards.This study suggests that the response in the rate of ammonia excretion in satiation should be closely related to that in the oxygen consumption,and 18.8%±1.2% of energy expenditure for the specific dynamic action(SDA)of the brook trout in postprandial metabolism might be due to protein catabolism.

Abstract:Chongming Dongtan is an important stopover site for shorebirds along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway.Based on the recoveries of shorebird banding and leg-flagging records,we analyzed the migration routes of shorebirds across Chongming Dongtan.A total of 265 shorebirds of 16 species banded in 17 countries and regions were recaptured at Chongming Dongtan,including Great Knot(Calidris tenuirostris),Bar-tailed Godwit(Limosa lapponica)and Red Knot(C.canutus).93% of them were recaptured during spring migration.In addition,164 shorebirds of 12 species banded at Chongming Dongtan were recaptured at ten countries and regions,including Northwest Australia,where 55% of the total recoveries occur.Two subspecies of Bar-tailed Godwit(L.l.menzbieri and L.l.baueri)and Red Knot(C.c.piersmai and C.c.rogersi)that reported wintering in northwest of Australia and in east of Australia and New Zealand were captured in the study area.Those birds are stopover at Chongming Dongtan during migration.

Abstract:The genetic polymorphism of 16 microsatellite loci in three Sika Deer(Cervus nippon)populations in Heilongjiang Province(Xingkaihu farm in Mishan region,Yinlang livestock farm in Daqing region,and Daqing farm in Wudalianchi region)was determined.Number of alleles,effective number of alleles(Ne),mean heterozygosity(h)and polymorphism information content(PIC)were calculated for each population.The results showed that 11 of 16 microsatellite loci were polymorphic except for T501,C14,C217,T107 and C273.Among the 11 loci with polymorphism,five were highly polymorphic and four were medium polymorphic,showing that these microsatellite loci are effective markers for the genetic analysis of C.nippon populations.The average heterozygosity of the three groups changed from 0.453 to 0.636 and Xingkaihu Group had the highest h(0.636),which could have more potential for selection.

Abstract:Food habits of Hainan Eld’s Deer(Cervus eldi hainanus)were studied between October 2001 and September 2002 in Hainan Datian National Nature Reserve,China.Food items were determined by means of direct observations of foraging Hainan Eld’s Deer and examinations of fresh forage sites located on 6 transects crossing the whole study area.1 273 feeding sites were examined and recorded.The deer fed on 234 species of plants during study period,among which 71 species were shrubs,161 were herbages and 2 were ferns.Only 76 species were used above 0.01% of feeding frequency in the feeding sites.The feeding frequency of these species comprised of 81.85% of the total feeding frequency.The deer had obviously selectivity on foraging sites in both wet and dry seasons(dry season χ²= 21.476,P= 0.000 7;wet season χ²=19.882,P= 0.001 3;df=5).They preferred to feed in the tropical grasslands in dry season and in monsoon forest in wet season,however,the difference in seasonal feeding habitat selection did not reach the significant level(χ²=9.447,P=0.092 5,df=5).The deer fed more food items(30 vs.18)and more shrubs and trees(14 vs.6)in dry season than in the rain season.

Abstract:To evaluate the effects of provisioning on affiliative behaviors of Sichuan Snub-nosed Monkeys(Rhinopithecus roxellana),we conducted a systematic observation on a group in the Shennongjia National Nature Reserve from January to September 2007 by using behavior sampling,scanning sampling and all-occurrence recording methods.The group consisted of 3 one-male units(OMU)and 1 all-male unit(AMU)with 45 individuals in total.Eleven types of affiliative behaviors were defined and recorded.Allo-grooming,opening mouth,embracing,playing,and approaching occurred more frequently than others.No significant difference in affiliative behaviors between gender was found for initiators and recipients,but significant difference existed for initiators between age classes in the OMU(in descending order):adults,juveniles,the young,and sub-adults;while within the AMU,the frequency order was adults,juveniles,sub-adults,and the young.Individuals within an OMU exhibited more affiliative behaviors than those between OMUs.However,behaviors such as holding waist,squeezing into,opening mouth,and kissing back only performed by individuals within the same OMU.These results indicate that members in OMUs are closer to each other than individuals between OMUs be.Each OMU might be,to some extent,a socially integrated unit.No difference was found in frequency of affiliative behaviors occurred in breeding and nonbreeding season.

Abstract:We presented the integrative diet of the Yunnan Snub-nosed Monkey(Rhinopithecus bieti)based on feeding behavior observation on 2 nature groups at Tacheng in the Baimaxueshan National Nature Reserve for more than 7 years and the distribution of diet component in the study area first time since this monkey was refound.Totally,113 plants and fungi were accumulatively observed feeding by the monkey,including 1 fungus,2 lichens and 110 spermatophytes scattering at different elevations and forest types.This food item list includes more species than any food list composed before and it is due to habituation of the monkey groups to humans since they descend their elevation range and spend more time in the ground in the study area.They can reach the food items distributed at lower elevation.The food components varied seasonally which implies the food supply fluctuated seasonally in the study area.Local people inhabiting around the monkey’s home range also make use of some dietary items of R.bieti for house-building,fuelwood,Chinese traditional medicine and food.

Abstract:The fish fauna in Leigongshan Nature Reserve of Guizhou Province was surveyed from April 2005 to November 2006.A total of 35 species belonging to 30 genera in 10 families and 4 orders were identified.Most of them were found in brooks.And Cyprinids is the main component of this fish fauna.In this reserve,economic fishes include Misgurnus anguillicandatus,Opsariichthys bidens,Cyprinus carpio,Pelteobagrus vachelli,Monopterus albus,Ctenopharyngodon idellus,Spinibarbus caldwelli,Onychostoma gerlachi,and Channa asiatica.Species compositions of fishes in Yangtse River and Zhujiang River water systems in the reserve were compared.

Abstract:Intestinal parasitic infection of rare wildlife in the protection institution,Shaanxi Province,China was investigated from November to December,2007.Feces of 75 individuals of 18 species were examined by using wet mount smear and iodine staining.Digital micro-photograph was taken when positive specimens were detected.Eleven species of parasites were detected in this study and the infection rate in the examinate samples was as high as 88.9%,Blastocystis sp.and amebic protozoa were the most common parasites to infect the captive individuals of wildlife in the protection institution.

Abstract:The rate of flesh content and nutritional quality of six Esox lucius were measured and compared with some high quality fresh water fishes.The results showed that:the rate of flesh content of E.lucius was 64.8%,the crude protein content and fat content were 19.1% and 1.4% respectively,the total content of 17 amino acids was 17.38%,in which the content of 7 essential amino acids was 8.14%,the content of delicious amino acid was 6.36%.The essential amino acids accounted for 45.73% of the total amino acids,which was lower than egg protein pattern but higher than WHO/FAO pattern significantly.The EAAI was 76.35,the first limiting amino acid was Valine,the second one was Methionine,and the third one was Isoleucine.Based on all of the analyses,it can be concluded that E.lucius was a species of high quality in nutrition.

Abstract:Schizothorax macropogon is one of the most important commercial species in the Yarlung Zangbo River.We aged all the specimens and indentified growth characteristics by examining 293 specimens collected in the Yarlung Zangbo River during 2004 and 2006 based on dorsal fin ray sections.The specimen was formed by 14 age groups from age 2 to age 14 and age 16.The most proportion of the specimen were formed by individuals age 4 to age 6,accounting 74.85% to the total specimen examined.Sex ratio(♀∶♂)was 1∶0.881.The relationship between standard body length and weight was described by formula W=0.018L^2.962 for males and W=0.023L^2.904 for females respectively.Therefore,the growth of S.macropogon was in a constant speed which can be described with von Bertalanffy equation,L_t=49.622[1-e^{-0.074(t+4.017)}],W_t= 2 034.481 [1-e^{-0.074(t+4.017)}]^2.962 for males and L_t=65.676[1-e^{-0.053(t+3.305)}],W_t=4 520.633[1-e^{-0.053(t+3.305)}]^2.904 for females.The growth inflexion points were 10.7 years and 16.6 years for males and females respectively with the corresponding standard body lengths 32.86 cm(♂),43.06 cm(♀)and body weights of 600.31 g(♂),1 326.75 g(♀).

Abstract:Components of avian community at Yellow River wetland in Shaanxi Province were directed counted monthly in 5 transects from October to March in the period of 11 years(1998 to 2008)in five habitat and 37 counts was conducted totally.A total of 117 bird species which belongs to 14 families and 33 orders were recorded.The avian species diversity index and evenness index were 4.497,0.654 respectively.The component of bird species and diversity were significantly different among the five habitats,2.826 in fishpond,3.571 in reed marsh,3.202 in beach,1.205 in farmland,and 2.496 in replanted forest.Reed marsh had the highest bird diversity,most abundance of birds was recorded at beach,the highest dominance index of bird occurred in farmland.The bird diversity and number had been declining during the study period.

Abstract:In this study,19 physiological and biochemical indices of the blood in Buteo hemilasius and Asio otus were determined by adopting modified Neubauer method,Sahlis colorimetric method,centrifugal method,Wright’s staining method as well as automatic biochemical analyzer.Results showed that the erythrocyte number,hematocrit,erythrocyte hemoglobin distribution width,hemoglobin content,mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration,acidophilic granulocyte number,lymphocyte number,white blood cell number and thrombocyte number of B.hemilasius were higher than those of A.otus,while other indices were lower.There was an extremely significant difference in the mean corpuscular volume between B.hemilasius and A.otus(P<0.01).The glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase,total protein,albumin,globulin,glucose,plasma natrium and chlorine,as well as the total cholesterol and triglyceride of the B.hemilasius were higher than those of A.otus,while other indices were lower.Significant difference and extremely significant difference were observed in the content of glutamate-pyruvate transaminase,creatinine,uric acid and glucose between B.hemilasius and A.otus(P<0.01 or P<0.05),but no significant difference was found in the other indices(P>0.05).Although the shapes of blood cells of B.hemilasius were similar to those of A.otus,differences were also observed.The differences in the physiological and biochemical values as well as the sizes of the blood cells can be attributed to their different species,and also to their different living habits,body conditions,nutrition conditions and to some extent to the determination methods.

Abstract:This study investigated the effects of different temperatures（10℃,20℃,30℃,37℃）on the immune functions and sizes of in vitro erythrocytes from the pre-hibernal Chinese Big Toad（Bufo gargarizans）and the Soft-shelled Turtle（Trionyx sinensis）.The erythrocytic immunocompetence was observed by the tests of erythrocyte-C₃b receptor rosette（E-C₃bR）and erythrocyte immune complex rosette（E-ICR）,and the long-diameter and short-diameter of erythrocyte were measured.The results showed that,in Chinese Big Toad,the rate of E-C₃bR rosette was reduced with temperature increasing from 10℃ to 37℃,significantly lower at 30℃ and 37℃ than at 10℃,indicating that the temperature plays an important role in formation of E-C₃bR rosette.However,the rates of E-ICR rosette and erythrocyte sizes had no significant change at different temperatures.Besides,in the Soft-shelled Turtle,the rates of E-C₃bR rosette,E-ICR rosette and the erythrocyte size had no significant difference among different temperature groups.The results also demonstrated that the rates of E-C₃bR rosette and E-ICR rosette in the Soft-shelled Turtle were higher than those of the Chinese Big Toads at different temperatures,except the rate of E-ICR rosette at 10℃,while the long-diameter and short-diameter of erythrocyte in Soft-shelled Turtle were obviously smaller than those of toads.The results above demonstrate that the temperature significantly affects the immune functions of erythrocyte in Chinese Big Toad,but not in Soft-shelled Turtle.Therefore,with animal evolution,the endurance to the temperature changes and the erythrocyte immunocompetence in Soft-shelled Turtle is higher than that in Chinese Big Toad.

Abstract:The microstructure of olfactory and vomeronasal organs in four amphibians and reptiles were examined by light microscopy.The results showed that vomeronasal organ began to differentiate from nasal sac and was located in the lateral side of the olfactory organ in Batrachuperus tibetanus,but it was still underdeveloped.Although olfactory and vomeronasal organs were co-localized in the nasal sac in Feirana quadranus,vomeronasal organ was more developed.There were developed vomeronasal gland around vomeronasal organ and vomeronasal organ was connected with olfactory organ through a fine pipeline.Vomeronasal organ and nasal cavity were separated completely and formed two independent sacs in Gloydius qinlingensis and Trimeresurus jerdonii,and nasal cavity further differentiated into olfactory epithelium and respiration epithelium.These results suggest that the vomeronasal organ first appears in Caudata,further differentiates in Anura,and becomes an independent organ in snake.The vertebrate adaption of land living directly results in the formation of vomeronasal organ which is the feature of tetrapod.

Abstract:Eight bats identified as Rhinolophus pearsoni were collected at Jiangsu Province in May,2008.As a new record in Jiangsu,it means that R.pearsoni distribute all south provinces in mainland China.Body size and mass of specimens in Jiangsu Province are slightly smaller than those in other regions while dominant frequency of echolocation calls is opposite,which does not reject the hypothesis that there are inverse correlation between dominant frequency and body size in horseshoe bats.

Abstract:Two specimens of bat,one male and one female,were identified as Rhinolophus rex(Chiroptera,Rhinolophidae)by comparing with specimens of R.paradoxolophus and R.marshalli.The specimens were collected in Tangle Cave(28°18’N,109°39’E,319 m altitude),Zhaiyang Town,and Sifang Cave(28°19’N,109°35’E,500 m altitude),Aizhai Town,Jishou City,Hunan Province on 7 July,2007 and 1 January,2008,respectively.In this paper,we presented the measurement of morphology and skull,and referred briefly to its distribution and protective status in this paper.It was the first record for this species in Hunan Province.The specimens are kept in the zoological collections of Jishou University.

Abstract:Five specimens of Tadarida teniotis was collected in Zhangxia Town Changqing District of Jinan,Shandong Province.Here,we described the bat in detail.Comparing the parameters of morphology and skull of the five collections with specimens collocated from Anhui,Taiwan,Africa and Yunnan,this species is a new record in Shandong,China.

Abstract:Myodes rufocanus and M.rutilus have overlapping range and similar morphological characteristics.It is hard to distinguish these two species under some conditions,which brings inconvenience and miscalculation to their number investigations.Eight known samples and sixteen unknown samples of M.rufocanus and M.rutilus are correctly identified by three molecular methods:phylogenetic tree based on sequences of mtDNA control region,electrophoresis of mtDNA control region,and the RAPD).Electrophoresis of mtDNA control region shows the advantages of convenience,accuracy and time-saving.

Abstract:A population of Chirixalus vittatus was found in Guangdong Heishiding Nature Reserve on May 30,2008.Based on the historical recorded data on C.vittatus,the region from Shiwan Mountain to Yunkai Mountain is the main distribution range of this amphibian in China mainland.The distribution pattern of C.vittatus would be "Indochina-Tropical moist of South China".

Abstract:The Aix galericulata often breed in the Northeast China,its usual nest site is in a hole in a tree.A breeding nest of A.galericulata was found in a building in Guilin City,Northeast Guangxi.10 eggs were found,but only 2 were hatched become young birds.It is the first record of the breading nest of A.galericulata in the building,and this species is a new record of breeding bird in Guangxi,South China.

Abstract:Diet composition of Raccoon Dog(Nyctereutes procyonoides)was checked by analyzing 130 Raccoon Dog dung collected from August 2007 to July 2008 in the Dalaihu Nature Reserve,inter Mongolia China.Both percentage occurrence and percentage of relative weight of remains were measured for analysis.Birds(39.81% occurrence vs.52.60% relative weight)and rodents(22.69% occurrence vs.25.85% relative weight)were the major food items of Raccoon Dog.Other food item components were insects(26.39% occurrence vs.13.32% relative weight),plants(7.41% occurrence vs.1.39% relative weight),fishes(2.31% occurrence vs.5.79% relative weight),shrimps(0.93% occurrence vs.0.85% relative weight),and mollusk(0.46% occurrence vs.0.20% relative weight).Ungulates were not found in the dung.The results from both measurements were not difference,both of them can be used on analysis of food items of Raccoon Dog.

Abstract:Sperm-mediated gene transfer(SMGT)appears to be a simple,efficient,and inexpensive method for genome modification of animals.DNA uptake by the mammalian spermatozoa is a very specific and highly regulated phenomenon.The sperm parameters,such as sperm donor,plasma membrane,sperm quality,and the treatment methods affect not only the ability and efficiency of sperm to pick up exogenous DNA and to internalize the DNA into sperm nuclei,but also the vector type and transfection method used.The efficiency of picking up exogenous DNA by goat spermatozoa decreases with age.Different goat breeds exhibit different abilities in binding foreign genes.Selection of sperm donors and optimization of DNA uptake are the key steps for the successful outcome of SMGT.The use of frozen-thawed spermatozoa is an efficient method for production of transgenic offspring.