Abstract:The genetic diversity of Cristaria plicata were conducted by using mitochondria DNA COⅠ gene as molecular marker. 620 bp lengths of homological fragments in 200 individuals from ten stocks captured in the middle and lower Yangtze River were sequenced. The average contents of A⁺T (60.1%) were significantly higher than those of G⁺C (39.9%). The sequences contained 105 polymorphic nucleotide variable sites, accounting for 17% of the total number of bases. The ratio of transition and transversion was 8.7. Fifty eight haplotypes were defined (GenBank accession number: EU698893-EU698950) in this study, in which Hap-5 was the major haplotype, accounting for 41% of the total individual number. The average nucleotide difference and nucleotide diversity index of Poyanghu population were 25.426 and 0.041 01 respectively, which were the highest. Genetic diversity parameters of Taihu and Quzhou populations were lowest. Based on the genetic distance among populations, Neighbor-Joining (NJ) tree suggested that three populations of Hongzehu were clustered firstly and then clustered with Chaohu population. The second clade comprised Qiantangjiang population, Taihu population, Quanzhou population, as well as Honghu population. The third clade included Dongtinghu population, and finally clustered with Poyanghu population. The fixtion index (F_st) calculated by the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) reached to 0.208 1 (P<0.001), indicating that there were some genetic differentiations in different populations of C.plicata in China.

Abstract:The gonadal differentiation in fishes is affected by many environmental factors, among which temperature is one of the most important factors. In this paper, migration of primordial germ cells (PGCs), formation of genital ridge and gonadal differentiation were investigated using histological methods in Carassius auratus. Effects of different culturing water temperatures on the gonadal differentiation were also studied. Day 12 to day 40 was a sensitive period for the gonadal differentiation. From day 12 on, larvae were divided into 7 groups. Every group was cultured under one of seven temperatures for 28 days: 16±1℃, 20±1℃, 23-25℃, 27±1℃, 30±1℃, 32±1℃ and 34±1℃. The control group was cultured at 23-25℃. The results showed that larval sex ratio in the control group was approximately 1∶1 (female to male was 1∶1.07). In the 20±1℃ group, the larval sex ratio was also close to 1∶1 (1.09∶1). In the 27±1℃ group, female ratio increased and the female ratio could be as high as 55.3%(P<0.05). In lower temperature group 16±1℃, female to male was 1∶1.45, and the female ratio reached 40.8%. However, in the higher temperature groups, the female to male ratios were 6.14∶1, 2.51∶1 and 2.14∶1 when temperature was increased to 30±1℃, 32±1℃ and 34±1℃, respectively. The female ratio in 30±1℃ group was the highest, reaching as high as 86.0%. The temperature of 30±1℃ obviously induced feminization. These results suggest that sex determination in C.auratus is temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). Nowadays, the global temperature become warmer, and the changing environmental factors lead to greenhouse effect, which might skew the sex ratio of C. auratus.

Abstract:Microsatellites DNA was isolated and enriched from genome of Perca schrenkii by magnetic beads, and were also applied to the other two species in the same genus, i.e. P. fluviatilis and P. flavescens, which aimed to get effective microsatellite primers in the germplasm resources conservation of the species in Perca. Genomic DNA of tail fin from P.schrenkii was extracted and digested with restriction enzyme. Restriction fragments were ligated with linkers and amplified with primers. PCR products were enriched by hybridization with biotin-labeled (CA)₁₅ and biotin-labeled (TG)₁₅ probes. After the selected DNAs amplified, cloned into T/A vectors and transformed into E. coli DH5α, the microsatellite-enriched library of P.schrenkii was successfully constructed. 48 random clones were selected with repeat-sequence primers from the library and were sequenced. As a result, 38 microsatellite sequences were isolated, and the repeat times of motifs in 41 microsatellite loci were much more than 8. 17 pairs of primers were designed from the microsatellite loci all of which were polymorphism for P.schrenkii. These primers were also amplified in P. fluviatilis and P. flavescens, among which 10 pairs could be used, 6 pairs in P. flavescens and 5 in P. flavescens were high polymorphic (PIC>0.5).

Abstract:We investigated the distribution patterns and morphologies of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-, gastrin (GAS)-and somatostatin (SS)-endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of Chrysolophus pictus using the ABC immunostaining technique. The 5-HT cells were mostly abundantly distributed in the jejunum and rectum, rich in the ileum and cecum, followed by the duodenum, and rarely in the proventriculus and gizzard tissues; GAS cells were most densely distributed in the duodenum and rectum, followed by the cecum and jejunum, infrequently in the proventriculus tissues, and they were not observed in the stomach muscles; SS cells were in a low density in the intestine tissues, more concentrated in the rectum and cecum than in the duodenum and jejunum, however, they were not detected in the stomach muscles. Three types of endocrine cells had a variety of morphologies, such as round, elliptical, cone-shaped, rod-shaped and irregular-shaped, among which the most common shapes were round and cone-shaped. They were mainly located in cell membrane, the basis and interspace of the mucosal epithelial cells and the alveolar epithelial cells as well. In addition, morphologies of these endocrine cells were consistent with their endocrine and exocrine functions.

Abstract:Histological structure was observed by light microscopy and expression of KGF,c-Fos and Bax was examined by immunohistochemical methods in Aguila chrysaetos lung. Results showed that the lung was consisted of bronchia and many breathing capillaries (minute trachea) around bronchia; pulmonary atrium radially disposed around tertiary bronchia; many breathing capillaries anastomosed reticulation with each other; and rich pulmonary capillaries distributed around minute trachea. KGF,c-Fos and Bax were expressed in the epithelial cells of the tertiary bronchia,pulmonary atrium and breathin capillaries,but their expression intensities were different. KGF,c-Fos and Bax may have different functions,and their cooperative expression may control the growth, development and maturity of cells in bird lung.

Abstract:Many testis-specific and stage-specific genes are required for mouse spermatogenesis. In this study, semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to confirm the tissue distribution of 12 mouse testicular genes, and fluorescence quantitative PCR labeled with SYBR GreenⅠ was applied to demonstrate the stage-specific expression of candidate genes at different spermatogenic stages. The results showed that all the genes examined were highly expressed in testis. The expression of Prm1, Prm2, Tnp1, and Tnp2 was predominant in elongating spermatids, 1.9-, 2.8-, 3.2-, and 2-fold increase as compared with that in pachytene spermatocytes, respectively. Dnajb3 expression was up-regulated 2.5-fold from pachytene spermatocytes to elongating spermatids. Akap4 was strongly expressed at elongating spermatid stage, with 5.5-fold increase than that in pachytene spermatocytes. Both Spata3 and Spata4 were equally expressed in round and elongating spermatids, 3-and 1.5-fold increase as compared with pachytene spermatocytes, respectively. The expression levels of hils1 and Tex24 were the highest in round spermatids, with 1.9-and 1.4-fold increase from pachytene spermatocytes, respectively. Spag4l and Papolb were down-regulated from pachytene spermatocytes to elongating spermatids, decreasing 45% and 34%, respectively. The results not only demonstrate the stage-specific expression of these genes, but also provide new data for further investigations into the functions of these specific genes during spermatogenesis.

Abstract:Xinghua Bay in Fujian Province is one of the most important wintering sites of Black-faced Spoonbill （Platalea minor） in mainland China. About 40 to 60 birds estimated wintered in Jiangjing Huaqiao Farm in northeast of Xinghua Bay for 4 years from 2005 to 2008. The most population size was recorded in the winter 2007. The Spoonbills formed group and mainly inhabited in aquaculture ponds around 320 hm² in size. Among the 7 major behavior types, resting was most frequent recorded （80%）, maintenance was around 10%, while other behavior type, such as "foraging", were very low. It indicated that aquaculture ponds were the important rest site of Spoonbills in daytime. As a crucial stopover of Black-faced Spoonbill, the bird migrated to south in the period from November 3^rd to December 12^th in 2007, and left for north from March 8^th to April 20^th in 2008. The number of birds stopped off was about 136 in autumn migration and 226 in spring migration. Individuals with breeding plumage were over 60% of the whole population in spring migration period. We suggest that manage the intertidal mudflats and artificial aquaculture ponds of Xinghua Bay scientifically to promote the conservation for Black-faced Spoonbill.

Abstract:Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor) is listed as the global endangered species. Haifeng Avian Natural Reserve, Guangdong, China, an important congregation site for this species, was newly discovered. It has great significance in the conservation of Black-faced Spoonbill. We conducted 4 censuses on the wintering population for the Black-faced Spoonbills in March 2004 and January 2005, 2006 and 2007 since the species was recorded. The wintering population size increased year by year (from 27 ind. to 72 ind.) and this population was accounted from 2.2% of the global wintering population to 4.1%. The wintering population was recorded in three habitats, mangrove, intertidal mudflat, and manmade shrimp pond. The individuals recorded accumulatively in intertidal mudflat was up to 217 ind., the most birds accounted among the three habitats; the largest flock included 52 birds noted in manmade shrimp pond. Thus, we should take more effective measures to conserve this wintering population and their habitats.

Abstract:Kozlov's Pika, Ochotona koslowi is a rare endangered and the most ancestral lagomorph species in Ochotona genus. Little is known about the survival status as well as the biological characteristics of this species since it was named in 1894. In this study,we studied its feeding habits by analyzing the contents of gastric and colon collected from 13 individuals and 60 feces samples from the trapping regions in Northern Tibet during October and November,2007.A total of 15 plant species were identified,belonging to 6 distinct families including Leguminosae,Chenopodiaceae,Cyperaceae, Gramineae, Cruciferae and Compositae that constituted 39.44%, 36.00%, 16.42%, 3.75%, 2.67% and 1.25% of all recognizable plant tissue debris,respectively.Leguminous plants were preferred by Kozlov's Pika.

Abstract:In order to find out the relationship between biological diversity and the current status of the ecological environment to provide scientific references for sustainable development of nature reserve,the community characteristics of soil ciliates in Taitongshan Forest Park of Gansu Taitong-Kongtongshan national nature reserve were studied from August of 2007 to March of 2008.A total 104 species belonging to 49 genera of 38 families from 10 orders of 3 classes were identified,including 5 species unnamed and 6 new records in China.There are 53 species distributed in Pinus tabulaeformis forest, 59 in shrub Hippophae rhamnoides, 62 in shrub rose,40 in waste-slope land and 24 in farmland. Colpodida,Prostomatida and Hypotrichida were dominant orders; and Colpoda steini, Colpoda muscicola, Homalogastra setosa, Phacodinium metchnikoffi, Leptopharynx costatus, Cyclidium oblongum, C.elongatum, Cinetochilum margaritaceum, Colpoda inflata were dominant species.The Gleason-Margalef Species Diversity Index of these five different habitats was 6.06, 6.51, 6.80, 4.92 and 3.17,respectively.The results suggested that ciliate species diversities in forest,waste-slope land and farmland lower in turn. The disturbance of human activities resulted in the reduction of species diversity of soil ciliates and the simpleness of community structure of soil ciliates.

Abstract:In order to understand the intestinal parasite infection in wild Macaca mulatta tcheliensis, 194 fecal samples were collected and detected by the Sheather's sugar flotation,modified acid-fast staining and Lugol's iodine-solution staining methods.The result showed that main intestinal parasites were Amoeba sp., Isospora sp., Trichuris sp., Strongylid sp., Physaloptera sp., Enterobius sp. and Ascarid sp.. The total infection rate was 97.4%.The infection rate of nematode was 93.8%.The infection rate of Trichuris sp.was the highest (91.2%). The infection rates of Amoeba sp.and Strongylid sp.followed with 67.5% and 60.8%,respectively.The mixed infection rate of parasites was 87.1%,that of nematode was 71%.The mixed infection of three nematodes (Trichuris sp., Strongylid sp., Physaloptera sp.) was common,infected by two nematodes was 42%,by three nematodes was 29%. The infection intensities of the Trichuris, Strongylid, Physaloptera were detected by MacMaster's method. EPG values of more than 92% of the nematode positive samples were below 2 000. The Isospora sp.was first reported in non-human primates in china; Amoeba, Trichuris, Physaloptera, Enterobius, Ascarid can infect human; therefore the results have an important significance to public health.

Abstract:The oogenesis and ovary structure during development were studied in Haliotis diversicolor supertexta. According to the size and shape of oocyte, the morphology of nucleolus,the growth of yolk and the structure of follicle, oogenesis of H.d.supertexta can be divided into three stages as follows:oogonium, previtellogenic oocyte and vitellogenic oocyte. The ovary wall is composed of tunica adventitia and germinal epithelium which will produce oogonia and follicle cells.The follicle is the structure unit of ovary. The ovary development cycle can be divided into five stages according to the external morphology and inner structure of ovary: suspensive stage,proliferation stage,growing stage,maturation stage and breeding stage.

Abstract:The classification of haemocytes in Styela clava was studied with flow cytometer. On the basis of cell size and presence of granules, five types of haemocytes were recognized:R₁ is the smallest with a few granules; R₂ is bigger with fewer granules; R₃ is the midium-sized cells with more granules; R₄ is the midium-sized with a few granules; R₅ is the largest cells with more granules. The total amount of haemocytes on the average was about 1×10⁶ cells /ml of haemolymph. The R₁,R₂,R₃,R₄ and R₅ cells constituted 37.15%±1.01%, 15.85%±2.91%, 16.15%±1.58%, 23.65%±3.05%,5.87%±0.31% of the total haemocytes, respectively.Histology study revealed that haemocytes could be divided into haemoblast, hyaline cells, eosinophilic granulocytes, basophilic granulocytes and phagocytes according to cell size and the presence of granules. We also discussed the relations among the cells.

Abstract:The nutritional composition of Estellarca olivacea was tested and analyzed with routine methods. The results showed that contents of crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate and ash of the dry sample of the edible part were 63.64%, 10.95%, 13.55% and 8.97%, respectively. Eighteen kinds of amino aids and seven kinds of essential amino aids were found in the edible part. The total content of amino acids, the content of essential amino acids and flavour amino acids in the dry sample of the edible part were 54.83%, 19.80% and 27.54%, respectively. The total content of amino acids in protein of the edible part was 86.13%. The content of essential amino acids and flavour amino acids of the total amino acids were 36.11% and 56.52%. It was apparent that the constitutional rate of the essential amino acids accorded with the FAO/WHO standard. According to nutrition evaluation in amino acids score (AAS) and chemical score (CS), the limited amino acid were methionine ⁺ cysteine (Met ⁺ Cys) and tryptophan (Trp). The edible part of E. olivacea contained 28 kinds of fatty acids. The contents of total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and ω-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (ω-3PUFA) in total fatty acids were 41.31%, 23.06%, 18.25% and 10.54%, respectively. Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) in total fatty acids were 4.59% and 2.82%.

Abstract:The rhythm of growth and feeding in larva,juvenile and young fish of Paracanthobrama guichenoti were studied under the artificial farming conditions.The results showed that,from 1 to 70 days,the daily growth rates of body length and weight were 3.55% and 11.26%,respectively.Head length/Total length decreased along with the increasing day age.The relationship between the total length （L,mm） and body weight （M,mg） was counted to be M= 0.001 2 L²-0.056 4 L⁺ 0.650 4, between body weigh （M,mg） and day age （D,d） was expressed to be M= 0.004 3 e^{0.093 6 D} ,and between the total length （L,mm） and day age （D,d） was calculated to be L= 0.015 4 D²-0.012 8 D⁺8.196 5. 20 day age late larva have the highest feeding rate with an ample supply of bait, a peak value was observed at 8:00 am. In contrast, 40 day age juvenile showed feeding rhythm obviously and was identified as the type of daytime feeding, daily feeding rate was 2.337 6%. After 6 h to eat gluttonously, the whole alimentary canal of late larva was evacuated completely, while juvenile needed 5 h.Furthermore,under starvation, 10 d larva were dead partially after 3 days,and all died 5 days later. The same tendency was also found in 20 day age larva at 6th and 9th day,40 day juvenile at 7th and 10th day,respectively.

Abstract:The fertilization of Chinese Sturgeon （Acipenser sinensis） milt was assessed by using different concentrations of NaCl,KCl,MgCl₂,CaCl₂ or glucose solution as the insemination-activation medium.The results showed that the fertilization rates of Chinese Sturgeon were all improved when suitable concentrations of NaCl,KCl,MgCl₂,CaCl₂ and glucose solutions were used,and that the fertilization rates reached the highest when the following concentrations of solutions were used: 87.72% in 25 mmol/L NaCl,86.82% in 0.1 mmol/L KCl, 82.24% in 1 mmol/L MgCl₂, 89.76% in 1 mmol/L CaCl₂, and 80.92% in 50 mmol/L glucose.Further increase in the salt or glucose concentration caused gradual decrease in fertilization rate. The results indicate that,as insemination-activation medium of Chinese Sturgeon milt, the most suitable concentration for NaCl, KCl, MgCl₂, CaCl₂ and glucose solution were 25 mmol/L, 0.1 mmol/L, 1 mmol/L, 1 mmol/L, and 50 mmol/L, respectively.

Abstract:The microstructure of granulosa cells during follicular development in Zaocys dhumnades was observed.The results showed that prefollicle cells were similar to the free surface epithelium of germinal bed in morphology,size and acidophilia/basophilla.At primordial follicle stage oocytes were surrounded by prefollicle cells.At granulosa cell stage,prefollicle cells transformed into small-size cells.At stage Ⅲ,granulosa cells differentiated into three kinds of heterogeneous granulose cells which are different in morphology.At stage Ⅳ,the heterogeneous granulosa cells transformed into small-size homogeneous granulosa cells.In summary,the granulosa cells are derived from free surface epithelium of germinal bed,and homogeneous granulosa cells develop into heterogeneous ones,then back into homogeneous ones during follicle development in Z.dhumnades.

Abstract:The habitat character of Lacerta vivipara was studied in the range 15 km at Sunwu Country,Heilongjiang Province by using line-transect method in May, June, 2005 and May, 2006. Fifteen environment factors were collected and analyzed. The most suitable habitat of L.vivipara located in forests dominated by Quercus mongolica-Btula davurica at middle and lower position in the gentle slope with half sunny and half shade expose in spring.The location that L.vivipara was found usually was heavily covered by fallen leaves with moderate humidity and sunshine, soft soil, less natural enemies and human disturbance. In spring L.vivipara generally select habitat that can provide rich food resource, good cover and sufficient heat. The habitat selection in species by L.vivipara was its adaptation strategy to the environment in high latitude.

Abstract:The songs of Yellow-streaked Warbler (Phylloscopus armandii) were collected at Lianhuashan Mountain in Gansu, Helan Mountain in Inner Mongolia and Ningxia between May and August in 2002, 2005 and 2007. Totally 108 minutes of songs from 18 individuals were analyzed. The frequency of songs of the Yellow-streaked Warbler was ranged from 2.63 to 6.32 kHz; the average notes number was 5.56±2.47 (n=124); duration of the syllable was 1.07±0.30 s (n=124), with the longest of 2.68 s. The interval timing varied from each other significantly, with a range of 2-18 s. Sixty one syllable types had been summed up from 18 individuals, a total of 589 syllables, of which 37 shared by 2 individuals at least, and also 24 kinds of specific syllable, accounting for 60.7% and 39.3% respectively. By checking the song spectrogram, none of them had the exactly same repertoire with the others. According to the Jaccard's similarity coefficient (S_j), there were significant differences between Lianhuashan Mountain and Alashan (P=0.001). The results of geographic variation analysis showed that the more adjacent the distribution of its neighbors, the more similar their songs would be.

Abstract:In order to explore the relationship between the echolocation call or signal of leaf-nosed bats (Hipposideros armiger) and frequency tuning of inferior collicular neurons, the echolocation calls of the leaf-nosed bats were recorded using bat detector and frequency tuning curves (FTCs) of inferior collicular (IC) neurons were obtained by extracellular recording. The results showed that the echolocation calls of the leaf-nosed bats were constant frequency-frequency modulation (CF-FM) signals with 2-3 harmonics and the second one among these three harmonics was its dominant frequency. The constant frequency (CF) components of three harmonics (Mean±SD,n=18 ) were 33.3±0.2 kHz, 66.5±0.3 kHz, and 99.4±0.5 kHz, respectively. In examined FTCs of 72 IC neurons, their Q₁₀ -dB values ranged from 0.5 to 95.4 (9.2±14.6) and the neurons whose best frequency (BF) around the dominant frequency had sharp frequency tuning. Thus, the neurons with sharp frequency tuning and high Q₁₀ -dB values showed that there was certain relationship between echolocation call and frequency tuning of IC neurons in the leaf-nosed bats.

Abstract:The present study was conducted at Dalazi Cave in Ji′an City of southern Jilin Province of China from May 1^st 2008 to May 28^th 2008. We recorded and analyzed the echolocation calls of Myotis macrodactylus using ultrasound detector (Ultra Sound Gate 116,Avisoft Bioacoustics,Berlin,Germany) and Batsound 3.10 (Pettersson Electronik AB,Sweden),respectively.During flight,M.macrodactylus used short echolocation calls dominated by frequency-modulated (FM) components (1-2 harmonics),with peak frequency of 54.14±3.29 kHz,pulse duration of 3.01±0.60 ms,inter-pulse interval of 62.87±8.89 ms,and the duty cycle of 4.65%±1.12%.Two-tailed t-test analysis of variance indicated significant difference existed in some parameters between echolocation calls produced during flight and hanging,such as the starting frequency of the 1^st harmonic,bandwidth and inter-pulse interval.Except the dominant frequency,terminal frequency of 1^st harmonic,bandwidth,pulse duration and inter-pulse interval during flight were significantly different between females and males.Different characteristics of echolocation calls in M.macrodactylus at different status might result from their adaptation to foraging strategies,habitats and communication.

Abstract:To investigate the efficiency of immunocastration by using gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue (GnRH-A) in rabbits,GnRH-A was combined with bovine serum albumin (BSA) as well as incomplete Freund's adjuvant to make antigen emulsion.A total of 30 rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) were injected with 1.0 ml(100 μg/ml)GnRH-A antigen emulsion at 2 to 3 spots in two groups,EG-Ⅰand EG-Ⅱ groups.The EG-Ⅱgroup was reinjected with the same dosage after 3 weeks.The testis length and weight as well as body weight of the immunized rabbits were measured,and GnRH antibody titer and testosterone concentration were detected by ELISA.There was a significant difference in the testis length between EG-Ⅰand EG-Ⅱ groups(P<0.01); antibody level of EG-Ⅱgroup was obviously higher than that of EG-Ⅰgroup; serum testosterone concentration in both EG-Ⅰgroup and EG-Ⅱgroups differed remarkably from 7 to 16 weeks when compared with the control (P<0.05 ); testosterone concentration in EG-Ⅱgroup was lower than that in control group (CG) at 102 d(P<0.01),and testosterone concentration in EG-Ⅰgroup was also lower at 28 d(P<0.05) after the injecting GnRH-A antigen.Body weight and average daily body weight gain in EG-Ⅱ group were significantly higher than in EG-Ⅰand CG groups (P<0.05).In summary,the testis development,serum GnRH antibody titer and testosterone level in experimental rabbits change obviously after active immunization with GnRH-A and an additional injection strengthenes castration effects.

Abstract:Ten surveys of reptile resources were carried out in Hunan Hupingshan National Natural Reserve from July,2002 to August,2008,and 32 snake species were accumulatively collected.Among them,Lycodon fasciatus and Rhabdophis nuchalis were two new records of snakes in Hunan Province.

Abstract:Yak (Bos grunniens) is one of the largest ungulate in China, found in the central and eastern cold pastures of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The number of wild yaks has declined considerably in recent decades due to widespread hunting. In this paper we discussed the distribution of the Yak, based on the available literature and our field investigation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plasteau, to provide basic knowledge and promote the conservation of this animal.

Abstract:The crustacean hyperglycemic hormone family,including crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH),molt-inhibiting hormone (MIH),gonad-inhibiting hormone (GIH) and mandibular organ-inhibiting hormone,is found only in crustacean and mostly secreted in the X-organ sinus gland complex of the eyestalk(MOIH).These hormones cooperate to regulate the complicated physiological and biochemical processes,such as growth,reproduction and molt.This review updates the functional properties of CHH family,including the research methods,the functional aspects of each peptide and the regulation of hormone secretion in crustacean.

Abstract:Lamprey is a modern representative of the ancient jawless vertebrates.Studies on its natural resource protection and evolution have received increasing attention in recent years.In this paper,the progress of genetic diversity and systematic evolution of lamprey have been reviewed at of level chromosome,protein and DNA.The emphasis of the paper concentrates of RFLP,RAPD,AFLP,SSR,mtDNA and functional genes in the study of genetic diversity,genetic differentiation,genetic structure,germplasm identification,fisheries resources and systematic evolution in lamprey.