Abstract:The microtubular organelles in the hypotrich ciliate Euplotes elegans were analyzed with fluorescence labeling of FLUTAX,anti-α tubulin and anti-centrin antibody.The results showed that these organelles consist of adoral zone of membranelles(AZM),undulating membranes(UM),frontal-ventral-transverse cirri(FVTC),marginal cirri(MC),caudal cirri(CC),dorsal kineties(DK)and the base associated microtubules of these ciliatures.The microtubular cytoskeleton of AZM comprises membranelle brackets and its associated microtubules;the base associated microtubules of FVTC contained anterior longitudinal microtubules(ALM),posterior longitudinal microtubules(PLM),transverse microtubules(TM)or radiating microtubules(RM).The base associated microtubules of the left MC and CC differentiated less obviously,and the basal bodies of DK contained rosette-like skeletal structure.All these microtubular structures together with the longitudinal microtubules and the transverse microtubules of dorsoventral cortex make up the cytoskeleton.Meanwhile,our results also indicate that the cytoskeleton of Euplotes is built up mainly with the microtubules as its major units,and the organization of its base-associated microtubules is quite different from other ciliates.Moreover,it was found that centrin existed in the anlagen and the basal bodies during the process of the morphogenesis,which might play a role in the maintenance of basal bodies and the assembly of microtubules.

Abstract:The community structure of rotifer and ecological assessment of water quality,including E/O,Q_B/T index and the biodiversity index,were studied in Lake Gehu,Jiangsu Province.After two-year monitoring in situ,69 species of rotifer were identified,39 species were pollution indicator species.The dominant species were Brachionus calyciflorus,Asplanchna priodonta,Polyarthra trigla,Filinia longiseta and B.diversicornis.The average annual density was 1 584 ind./L and the average annual biomass was 5.982 1 mg/L.The total density reached the maximum in autumn and biomass was highest in summer.The species biodiversity was positively related to the density and biomass.Rotifer species were similar in three zones of Lake Gehu.There were no significant differences between the north area and the middle area,but there were significant differences between the north and the south area.Biological assessment of water pollution and trophic condition were evaluated by species indicators,biotic index of E/O,Q_B/T and species biodiversity index.The trophic type of Lake Gehu could be regarded as eutrophic.

Abstract:The bone phallus is an important characteristic for species identification in Microdalyellia.In this paper,the shape and development of the phallus were observed in both M.sinensis and M.hunanensis.The results have shown that the branch characteristic in the distal branch of the phallus comes into being in early development and remains all the life;the complete ossification of the phallus occurs at 12 d in both M.sinensis and M.hunanensis;and the stem of the phallus becomes longer and bigger gradually along with individual's growth.We therefore suggest that the branch characteristics in the distal branch of the phallus are reliable taxonomy criteria in Microdalyellia.

Abstract:Lipid substance from Pomacea canaliculata at different developmental stages was extracted using ethyl acetate.The extracted substance was purified with silica gel column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography(TLC).The antimicrobial activities of the separated compounds derived from effluent fractions of three different organic solvents(petroleum ether,benzene and ethanol)were tested against 11 bacteria.They have varying levels of antimicrobial activities,with the non-polar solvent showing the least activity and the strong polar solvent showing the strongest activity.The liposoluble compounds extracted by TLC from all of the bands of the ethanol effluent fraction exhibited variable antimicrobial activities.GC-MS analysis revealed that the most of the chemical components are the acid substances in the strongest of these antimicrobial fractions from different developmental stages.The same chemical component had different content and different similitude at different developmental stages of P.canaliculata.

Abstract:This paper dealt with the effect of stocking density and food dose on the feeding response of Mangrove Red Snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus.Groups of young L.argentimaculatus were separately reared at seven different stocking densities(1,2,3,4,8,12 and 16 ind/troop)and each with seven food densities(18.4×10^-2,27.6×10^-2,36.8×10^-2,46.0×10^-2,55.2×10^-2,64.4×10^-2 and 73.6×10^-2 g/troop).The results showed that under the condition of dosed feeding,feeding quantity per time each fish increased with the rise of the population,and then decreased when up to some stocking density,significant difference was found between 1 ind/troop and other troops(P<0.01),with the lowest troop mean value of one-time feeding amount;under the condition of same stocking density,average value of one time feeding increased with the rise of feeding dose,and then decreased.As the rise of stocking density,the maximal feeding quantity in different density troops increased with the rise of feeding dose;As the rise of feeding dose,the maximal feeding quantity in different doses troops occurred in groups of 2-8 ind/troop.Results above showed that stocking density,feeding dose and their reciprocal reaction had a significant effect on one-time feeding quantity of young L.argentimaculatus over the experimental period,showing the reciprocity of group inhabitancy and competitive effect are significant.

Abstract:Objective:In order to study the expression of estrogen receptor-α(ERα)in mouse embryo,the sense and anti-sense RNA probes for hybridization of ERα were prepared.Methods:The ERα fragment which was obtained by RT-PCR was subcloned into plasmids pGEM-3Z,and then the recombinant plasmids ERα/pGEM-3Z were linearized with the restriction enzymes,Hind Ⅲ and EcoRⅠ.Using T7 and Sp6 RNA polymerase,respectively,the digoxigenin(dig)labeled sense and antisense probes were transcribed in vitro.Then the expression of ERα in mouse embryo was examined with the probes by whole mount in situ hybridization.Results:The gene fragment of ERα was cloned and the cRNA probes were prepared with digoxigenin-labeled.ERα gene was expressed in the forebrain,spinal neural tube,genital ridge,limb bud,mandibular arch of 10.5 dpc embryo and was also expressed in the telencephalon,mesencephalon,spinal cord,limb bud,and reproductive system of 13.5 dpc embryo.

Abstract:We used field observation and manipulated experiment approach to study the hoarding distance of Korean Pine(Pinus koreansis)seeds removed by squirrels(Sciurus vulgaris)in October,2006.Total of 110 cones were marked by label and placed in 6 spots,among those cones 8 were eaten and 102 were removed hours and hoarded within 10.Total of 47 removed and hoarded corns were found within a radius of 300 m from the point placed.The results indicated that the location of cone placed had influence on the duration being found,those cones placed in the sites with a high human disturbance(near tourist path)were removed later.New cones(in 2006)and old cones(in 2005)were all predated and hoarded.Squirrels prefer to remove new cones and all the cones were hoarded,but they also removed hoarded old cones partly eaten by Eutamias sibiricus.

Abstract:NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and whole-mount preparation technique were used to investigate the distribution of NOS-positive neurons in gastrointestinal myenteric plexus of Gansu Zokor(Myospalax cansus).The results showed that NOS-positive neurons with different shapes and sizes were widely distributed in the Gansu Zokor's gastrointestinal myenteric plexus.The positive ganglion and positive nerve fibers formed a complex meshwork.There were significant differences in the density of NOS-positive neurons among gastrointestinal tract segments except for Stomach-Ileum and Duodenum-Cecum.The density trend was:colon>small intestine>stomach>caecum.The NOS-positive neurons increased from duodenum to ileum.The results suggest that the distribution of NOS-positive neurons in gastrointestinal myenteric plexus of Gansu Zokor is in similar pattern with that of other animals.

Abstract:In this paper,the plasma gonadotropins including follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH),luteinizing hormone(LH),gonadal steroids testosterone(T),estradiol(E₂)and progesterone(P)of freshly captured Four Eye-spotted Turtle(Sacalia quadriocellata)were measured using a radio-immunoassay(RIA)method.The result shows that:The reproductive hormones in plasma displayed a distinct seasonal cycles.The plasma gonadal steroids levels are correlation to environmental temperature,as highest during summer and autumn,lowest in winter.Plasma T elevated during the period gonadal maturation and spermatogenesis occur.In female,there was a preovulatory LH surge and T rise during mating period,which probably is related to receptivity and coincided with ovarian maturation.Female E₂ levels increased prior to mating season and appeared to stimulate vitellogenin production by liver.A sharp surge of P displayed during mating period(autumn)which coincided with the timing of ovulation.

Abstract:A field observation on breeding pairs,breeding behavior and migratory time of Mute Swan(Cygnus olor)were conducted in Dalai Lake Nature Reserve from August to September in 2006 and April to August in 2007.The results showed that breeding birds arrived the Dalai Lake in early April and stayed there to later October,and the residence duration was 196 days(n=3).In the late of April,they began to court at any suitable place.Courtship occurred in the morning and each event of courtship lasted 172 s(n=8)in average.The birds mainly depended on displaying to protect and mark their territory.Six breeding pairs were observed in 2006 and 2007,all breeding pairs were successful in breeding and the nest size was 4,2,4,3,6 and 3 respectively in 2006,however,but in 2007,3 out of 6 pairs succeed in breeding,the hatchlings were 4,4,and 5,respectively.

Abstract:During October 2004 to March 2005,we studied the population dynamics in wintering period of Eurasian Cranes(Grus grus)and daily time budget in Lashihai Lake,Yunnan Province.Eurasian Crane wintered in the Lashihai Lake for 175-180 d.The duration could be classified into four phases:immigration phase(early October to late November),migrating stopover phase(end of November to end of December),steady-going wintering phase(early January to middle of March)and emigration phase(late March).Eurasian Crane spent 75.53% of total daily time in feeding about,14.66% of their time in vigilance,5.05% in preening and 4.49% in resting.The time budget in each of the four activities was fairly significantly difference in each of the four phases(immigration,migrating stopover,steady-going wintering,and emigration).Individuals,no matter adults or juveniles with in flocks devoted less time in to vigilance and more time in to feeding than the family members.

Abstract:Census of Crow Pheasant(Centropus sinensis)was conducted in Guangdong Haifeng Avian Nature Reserve in 2005.Among four seasons,there were thirty two individuals recorded in summer which was the most.The mean-individual of each line in summer was significantly higher than that in spring and autumn(P<0.05).The population density in summer was the highest,17.78 ind./km² vs.1.11 ind./km² in winter which was the lowest.Single individual was recorded frequently.The individuals of different seasons belonging to each station were different.As a whole,the individuals recorded in Dongguan Lian'anwei were the most among the three stations.

Abstract:This study established a multiplex STR genotyping system through universal fluorescent primers in combination with sequencing.For each panel of multiplex STR genotyping amplification,two sets of primers were used,namely universal primers labeled with FAM and specific primers with an added 5' tail.We optimized the proportion of universal and specific primers and reaction of multiplex PCR was achieved.By using this method,five STR marker loci genotyping were successfully conducted within a single reaction.The optimized universal fluorescent primers amplification genotyping system can be used in multiplex STR genotyping,which allows reliable,effective and low-cost genotyping compared with regular microsatellite fluorescent detection assays.

Abstract:We examined predation on livestock of wolf(Canis lupus)by both field survey and resident interview method in Dalai Lake Nature Reserve,Inner-Mongolia,China,from Jul 2004 to Jan 2007.Totally 95 predation were claimed by the residents,in which total of 425 livestock were killed.The residents lost 186 575.00 RMB at least from those predations.We record the date of killing,species and number of killing,age of victim,location of killing.We analyzed 9 variables by GIS technique and tested the significance of difference between those variables by Mann-Whitney U test.PCA method was employed to identify the principal components among the 9 variables.Results showed that sheep,cattle and horses were the main species of livestock that wolf preyed on,94.16% of the victims were sheep Camel and donkey were casually predated.Most predation occurred during the frozen season(Sep-Feb,89.74%).Location of predation was influence in the order of importance by human disturbance,habitat type,livestock species,distance to rest site,sheltering class,distance to water source,season,number of killed,distance to stockade.Result of principal components analysis(PCA)showed that the first 3 principal components explained 81.544% of the total variance among all predation habitat variables.According to absolute value of coefficient,the 3 components were classified separately as sheltering class factor,disturbance factor and water factor.Sheltering class factor is the chief factor influencing the location of predation.Shortage of prey is key reason of killing on livestock.

Abstract:The community characteristics of soil ciliates in Vegetables Base of Bali Town in Lanzhou in spring were studied by observation in vivo and fixation-staining from April 2005 to June 2007.Totally 67 species were identified,including 2 unnamed species and 14 new records of soil ciliates in China.34 species were found in Vegetables Base of Bali Town,belonging to 18 genera of 17 families from 7 orders in 3 classes;Hypotrichida,Colpodida and Prostomatida were dominant groups;Woodruffia rostrata,Euplotes affinis,Strongylidium muscorum,Uroleptus piscis and Cyclidium simulans were dominant species in Vegetables Base of Bali Town.49 species were identified in the contrast soils(Lanshan),belonging to 30 genera of 23 families from 9 orders in 3 classes;Hypotrichida,Scuticociliatida,Colpodida and Nassulida were dominant groups;E.muscicola,Gonostomum affine,Tachysoma pellionella and Chilodonella algivora were dominant species in contrast soils.The Gleason-Margalef Species Diversity Index of Vegetables Base of Bali Town and contrast soils were 3.672 and 5.393,respectively;the Jaccard Similarity Index was 0.239 between Vegetables Base of Bali Town and contrast soils.The results suggested that compared of the contrast soils,species diversity in Vegetables Base of Bali Town was lower,and the community structure of soil ciliates was simpler.

Abstract:Hermaphroditic planarians possess a very important position in systematic evolutionary history of animals,and have a powerful capacity of complete regeneration.The histological structure of reproductive system of Dugesia japonica is revealed with H.E method,Masson method and Van Gieson method.The results show that sexual planarians are hermaphrodites.Both the male reproductive system and the female one consist of reproductive glands and tubes.Female reproductive gland is composed of the ovary,the yolk gland and the copulatory bursa.Female reproductive tube includes the oviduct and the bursa stalk.The male reproductive gland is mostly composed of testes.Male reproductive tube includes the spermiducal vesicle,sperm duct,bulbar cavity,and ejaculatory duct.The copulatory bursa is made up of simple columnar epithelium:the cytoplasm is strongly basophil,the nucleus is located at the basal face of the epithelium,and many vesicular structures exist at the free face.The yolk gland belongs to unicellular gland like a bulb:its nucleus is smaller and situated at its handle.Thereby,it is identified that the copulatory bursa possesses the exocrine function.The number of the yolk gland represents periodism.

Abstract:The characteristics of gonadal structure,gamete(sperm and egg)morphology and embryonic development of Hyriopsis schlegeli were studied by continuous observation and in vitro culture.The results showed that the absolute fecundity was 1.93×10⁴-1.03×10⁵ eggs and the relative fecundity was(2.25±1.09)×10³ eggs/g.The gonad index(GI)was 24.09%±0.33%.The embryo cultured in vitro could develop successfully to blastocyst in nutrient solution prepared by ourselves.Embryonic development and process were described.The embryo development of H.schlegeli was divided into four stages:cleavage,blastocyst,gastrulae and glochidia.The embryonic development took 12 days when the water temperature ranged between 18-23℃.The optimum temperature range for the embryonic development was 20-30℃.As observed,the glochidia of this species were hooked and there were relations between embryonic development stages and the outer gill characters of the female.Our results will provide valuable data for artificial reproduction,germplasm resource conservation and breeding in freshwater pearl mussel.

Abstract:The scale and growth characteristics were studied based on 238 specimens of Hemibarbus labeo in the Wusulijiang River,and the production from H.labeo capture at the Zhuajizhen of Wusulijiang River was investigated.Results showed that:the scale of H.labeo is big,belongs to round scale,annual ring feature is easy to identify.The regression equation between the scale radius(R_sr)and age is R_sr=0.858 3t+2.275(n=238,r=0.986 8),and the regression equation between scale radius and the body length is L=4.332 6R_sr+0.029 3(n=238,r=0.990 3).The regression equation between weight and length is W=0.011 5L^{3.086 8}(n=238,r= 0.996 2),which is according to Bertalanffy growth equation,the body weight growth inflexion point is t=4.59 year,W=340.90 g.Usually,at the Zhuajizhen,it's not frozen during the time from May 20 to November 15,and it is the time for H.labeo to be landed.Production is different on the season,peak during April,May,October and November is about 100-150 kg/d,and 50-100 kg/d for June and July,the lowest is about 30-40 kg/d during August and September.

Abstract:Monopterus albus,belonging to Synbranchidae,Synbranchiformes,is an economically important species in southeastern Asia for food production,which undergoes natural sex reversal from female via intersex into male during its life.Some studies have been performed on the biology and ecology characteristics of M.albus,but no information on the growth characteristics of M.albus in Poyang Lake has been published.In this study,age and growth characteristics were studied based on 244 specimens of M.albus collected from the Poyang Lake from September,2006 to August,2007.Ages were determined by reading annuli on basihyal and vertebrae.The estimated age ranges were between 1-5 years for female,2-6 years for male and 2-5 years for intersex.The individuals from two to four years old were dominant and represented 89.75% of total catch of the fish.Within the age interval,the body length of each individual was from 30 to 50 cm.The body length and body weight were in the relation of power function.The relationship of body length to body weight was W=0.000 4L^{3.260 1}(♀),and W=0.001 4L^{2.900 8}(♂).The growth parameters used to fit the Von Bertalanffy equation were L_∞=78.5 cm,k=0.174 02 /y,t₀=-1.203 2 y,W_∞=602.01 g for female and L_∞=102.3 cm,k=0.118 45 /y,t₀=-1.310 1 y,W_∞=947.32 g for male.The growth performance indices were φ=3.030 3(♀)and φ=3.093 4(♂).There was a significant difference in growth between the female and male.

Abstract:Axolotl's(Ambystoma mexicanum)spawn was incubated at 25℃,and embryos at stages 30-44 were collected and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde.The whole mount immunostaining was conducted and embryos were observed under stereomicroscope.The sensory ganglion of branchial nerve and smallish branchial nerve trunk were observed in the stage 30 embryo,rami and communicating ramus of branchial nerve appeared in the stage 35 embryo,maxillary and mandibular nerves developed in the stage 37 embryo,dorsal ramus and pharynges ramus of glossopharyngeal nerve were found in the stage 38 embryo,and pretrematicus ramus of glossopharyngeal nerve were observed in the stage 40 embryo.Early stage axolotl embryo kept the same pattern of branchial nerves as in the ancestral vertebrates.In later stage,embryo showed the evolution tendency of the branchial apparatus and branchial nerves appearance and redistribution.The glossopharyngeal nerve of axolotl kept the original morphological characteristic of branchial nerve.

Abstract:In the spring-summer of 1997,2002 and 2005,the vocalization of 40 birds of Chinese Leaf Warbler(Phylloscopus yunnanensis)was collected in Shaanxi,Sichuan and Gansu Provinces and analyzed.We found that both songs and calls varied between individuals in the same area.We failed to find any significant difference in the highest and lowest frequencies among the characteristics of the songs collected at Lianhuashan(Gansu),Taibaishan(Shaanxi)and Longxihongkou(Sichuan),however,the duration between syllables and number of notes showed significant differences.Birds living in forest at higher altitude presented territory songs with lower frequency.

Abstract:Electron microscopic and histological methods were applied to explore the development and degeneration of mesonephros,and the patterns and characteristics of metanephric development and differentiation.Mesonephros and metanephros were observed at 9 different incubation stages.Results showed that some mesonephric vesicles appeared in the vicinity of the anterior mesonephric ducts at the 16th stage.At the 18th stage mesonephric tubules took shape.At the 26th stage mesonephric tubules' blind ends invaginated,resulting in primitive renal sacs and glomerulus as well as mesonephric tubules elongated distinctly and curved back and forth.All mesonephric tissue had produced integrated nephric units during the 33rd-37th stages.During the 37th-46th stages mesonephric tissue from anterior to posterior of the embryos degenerated in turn.At the 26th stage of incubation,ureteric bud from cloaca grew into metanephrogenic tissue which produced many metanephrogenic vesicles.At the 33rd stage renal tubules and renal sacs appeared and renal tubules lengthened apparently and folded regularly,indicating morphological differentiation of collecting convoluted tubules,proximal convoluted tubules and distal convoluted tubules.During the 37th-46th stages renal corpuscle developed and matured,and renal tubules produced functional differentiation graduall,indicating morphological differentiation the neck part of tubules.Mesonephros of chick embryo had excretory functions.Development and differentiation evidently vary with time changes at different sections of mesonephros.During development and differentiation of nephric units,renal corpuscles in different developing sections appeared at the same stage.The differentiation of collecting convoluted tubules was earlier,which induced the differentiation of proximal and distal convoluted tubules.The differentiation of neck part of tubules occurred later.

Abstract:The Gansu Zokor(Myospalax cansus)is a subterranean rodent inhabiting the relatively arid zones of Loess Plateau.Comparative studies on its kidney morphology and microstructure have been conducted in order to understand how this species utilizes water.The kidney is smooth,non-lobular and broad bean-shaped.The ratio of thickness of the renal cortex to the medulla and the ratio of the number of proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule in the cortical labyrinth are 0.71 and 2.25,respectively.The density of renal corpuscle in superficial cortex is more than that in the deep cortex.The glomus diameters are also different,with juxtamedullary nephron > superficial nephron.The microstructure characteristics show that the re-absorption capacity of kidneys is lower in Gansu Zokor than in other mammals which inhabit in the arid areas.These structural characteristics have importance significance for adaptation to living environment.

Abstract:In order to know the blood supply features and branch characteristic of coronary artery in the heart of Panthera pardus and Arctonyx collaris and to provide the structural basis for heart biology study,we observed the branches and distribution of the coronary arteries in P.pardus and A.collaris by arterial vascular casting and tissue transparance method.The results showed that the nutrition of P.pardus and A.collaris heart was all supplied by left and right coronary arteries.The left coronary artery of P.pardus was divided into interventricular septal branch,anterior descending branch and circumflex branch.Anterior descending branch gave off superior branch of left ventricle,midterm branch of left ventricle and below branch of left ventricle.The right coronary artery of P.pardus was divided into anterior branch of right ventricle,posterior below branch of right ventricle and posterior superior branch of right ventricle.The left coronary artery of A.collaris was divided into anterior descending branch and circumflex branch.Anterior descending branch gave off interventricular septal branch and anterior branch of left ventricle,circumflex branch gave off left fringe branch and posterior branch of left ventricle.The right coronary artery of A.collaris was divided into anterior branch of right ventricle,right fringe branch and posterior branch of right ventricle.The interventricular septum of P.pardus and A.collaris was all supplied by an independent interventricular septal branch that was from the left coronary artery.The distribution type of left and right coronary arteries on the diaphragmatic surface in P.pardus and A.collaris heart is the balance circulation type.

Abstract:Nine specimens of Myotis frater were collected from Tonghua City in Jilin Province.This species is a new record of Vespertilionidae in Jilin Province,and was identified as subspecies M.f.longicaudatus.The bats were described in details and compared with specimens of other regions.Measurements,status,comments on taxonomy and distribution were provided.

Abstract:The studies on resting eggs of cladoceran were reviewed in this paper.It was emphasized on the morphology of resting eggs,and the factors influencing resting eggs production,preservation and hatching of resting eggs.The resting eggs are usually roundness or oval,and there is a thick membrane outside them.The formation of resting eggs depends primarily on biological factors(genetic factors,population density,etc)and non-biological factors(temperature,food,illumination,etc).The factors affecting the hatching of resting eggs are the formation and time of preservation as well as illumination and temperature of hatching period.