Abstract:Four strains of domain bacteria were isolated from the liver of Hybrid Sturgeons,Huso huso(♀)×Acipenser ruthenu (♂) and ascites of Kaluga Sturgeons,H. dauricus.Their pathogenity was determined by artificial infection test.The pathogenic strain was identified by ATB bacteria identification instrument,and its growth characteristics was also studied.The results indicated that,strain XL₂-T was pathogenic to Hybrid Sturgeons and Kaluga Sturgeons,and was identified as Aeromonas punctata caviae.Its growth curve in the sterile liquid culture medium was as follows:lag phase 0-1.5 h, log phase 1.5-28 h,stationary phase 28-32 h, and decline phase after 32 h.Its best growth conditions were 25-30℃ and pH 7,and it could grow in culture medium with 0-10% NaCl and 0-40 μg/ml sarafloxacin,but NaCl and sarafloxacin had some inhibitory effects on its growth.

Abstract:We observed mating behavior of the Northern Grass Lizard (Takydromus septentrionalis) in an outdoor enclosure with aims to define the ethogram of mating behavior patterns and to determine the relationship between reproductive success and individual phenotypes in males.The general pattern of mating behavior in T.septentrionalis was:approaching → tail-biting → belly-biting → copulation.Duration of each behavior was 0.53 min,1.77 min,0.47 min and 141.3 min,respectively.Seventy percent of males that successfully mated were with greater mean snout-vent length and body mass than that of females.The mating success of males was positively correlated with their body size,but with their head size (length and width),tail length,body mass or skin color.

Abstract:Genetic diversity of endangered Big-headed Turtle,28 individuals from Conghua,Guangdong and 21 individuals from Shouning,Fujian,was determined by using ISSR technique.There was high genetic diversity between the two populations and within the same population.The genetic diversity of Conghua population was higher than that of Shouning population.Genetic differentiation mainly occurred between populations (F_ST=0.371 5,G_st=0.205 9),but there was also gene flow between natural populations (N_m=1.927 9).UPGMA cluster analysis showed that the 49 individuals were divided into two clusters corresponding to the two populations.In addition,11 specific ISSR markers which can distinguish Conghua population from Shouning population were selected from 11 primers in two populations,using ISSR and Bulked Segregant Analysis (BSA).

Abstract:The nocturnal behavior of the 8 species waterfowls were observed from the middle of November 2006 to the middle of February 2007 at the artificial wetlands behind the seawall in Chongming Dongtan.The results showed that the waterfowls which forage or roost in the pond during the day,such as Spot-billed Duck (Anas poecilorhyncha),Mallard (A.platyrhynchos),Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) and Little Egret (Egretta garzetta),flied out of the pond during sunset and foraged or roosted in the farmland and forest area behind seawall and or intertidal mudflat at night,then flied in during sunrise.There was a strong significant difference between waterfowls which stayed in the fishing pond during the nocturnal period in their activities.Black-crowned Night-Heron(Nycticorax nycticorax)rested in the forest during the day and flied into the pond after 17:00-17:30,inhabiting bared mudflat and reed strip in the pond dispersedly,however foraging behavior actively observed after about 23:30 when the frequency of forage occurred over 70% of total nocturnal behavior.Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) and Coot (Fulica atra) presented frequent activities at night on reed strip and water area around it.Their foraging behavior reached to the peak of 60%-90% during 21:30-2:30 and resting became the main behavior after 2:30-3:30. Little Grebe(Tachybaptus ruficollis)with frequently diurnal activities stayed in the pond at night and rested in the area with deep water.The results suggested that the nocturnal behavior of waterfowl was likely related with the mode of their diurnal activities.

Abstract:Tail of Yellow-bellied Prinia in winter is longer than in breeding season that may means a new survival and breeding strategy.So we studied autumn moulting of the adults of Yellow-bellied Prinia at Jiangxi village,Zhaoqing city,Guangdong from September 2006 to February 2007. The results showed that:(1)The length of the body and tail in breeding season was highly significant(P<0.01)shorter than non-breeding season,the length of wing was significant shorter(P<0.05),other body measurements had not significant difference between breeding and non-breeding season(P>0.05).(2)The specimen of Yellow-bellied Prinia got at 15th September showed that 5th primaries and 6th secondaries had been replaced,while the specimens collected after 20th November had finished the moult process.(3)The pattern of primaries replacement was descendant and Secondaries was ascendant,and tail feathers replaced as a centrifugal moulting pattern.(4)Body-mass varied during moulting periods and reached its maximum in October when the body mass was significantly heavier than November (P<0.01).However,no any significant difference in body mass was found between the remainder months (P>0.05).Hence,we supposed that:Autumn moulting of Yellow-bellied Prinia would take about 100 days and the tail replacement had more important effect than other feathers on the growth of Yellow-bellied Prinia.

Abstract:To investigate age-related changes of GABAergic neurons and GABA expression in the cerebellar cortex of young adult and old cats,we applied Nissl staining to show the structure and neurons in cerebellar cortex.Immunohistochemical method was used to show the GABA immunoreactive neurons.Under light microscope,the numbers of total neurons and GABAergic neurons in the molecular layer,Purkinje layer and granular layer were counted respectively,and the average gray value of GABA immunoreactive neurons was measured with Image-Pro Express Software.The GABA immunoreactive cells,the fibers and their terminals were distributed in each layer of cerebellar cortex in young adult and old cats.Compared to young cats,the number of the neurons and GABA immunoreactive neurons declined significantly in the molecular and Purkinje layers of old cats(P<0.01).However,no difference was observed in the number of GABA immunoreactive neurons in the granular layer of young and old cats(P>0.05).In addition,the intensity of GABA immunoreactivity was visibly weaker in old cats than in young adults(P<0.01).Purkinje cells in old cats showed much less GABA immunoreactive dendrites than in young cats.An evident loss of GABAergic neurons and decline of GABA expression during aging may result in the functional degeneration of motor coordination,accurate timing and motor learning in old individuals.

Abstract:Marshes dominated by common reed have important socio-economic uses and ecological values.Reed cutting has various impacts on fauna inhabited in reedbed.We studied the impacts of reed cutting on foraging of Reed Parrotbill(Paradoxornis heudei) at Chongxi Wetland Research Center in Chongming Island,Shanghai City,China from January to April 2007. Reed cutting decreased potential food resource of Reed Parrotbill significantly.Reed cutting changed the foraging habitat of Reed Parrotbill,and shifted their foraging place from dead reed shoots to growing reed shoots before they suited Reed Parrotbill to feed on them.Short time after reed cutting,the residual dead reed shoots have an important role for foraging of Reed Parrotbill.And these indicated that keeping some reed patches uncut could facilitate Reed Parrotbill foraging on growing reed shoots and lessen food shortage impacts of reed cutting.

Abstract:Foraging frequency and vigilance behaviour of Himalayan Snowcock (Tetraogallus himalayensis) pairs were observed by focal sampling method in Dongdashan and Yanchiwan Nature Reserve from April to July,2004 and 2005. The foraging frequency of the females was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that males,while the vigilance was obviously lower (P<0.05) than that of the males in pre-incubation and incubation period.And there were no significant difference between individuals within the same sex (P>0.05).The males did not share any duty in incubation and chick brooding,but they were responsible for the protection of the females in the duration of laying egg and incubating.The paper also described the vigilance behaviors made by the wild Snowcock in this study

Abstract:Diet composition of Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus) in winter was studied by the method of fecal microscopic analysis from December 2005 to March 2006.Results showed that Whooper Swan fed on mainly wheat,kelp and eelgrass.Wheat is accounted for 99.67% of food items in winter and 90.17% in early spring.By analyzing the diet differences between winter and early spring and with the results of previous studies,we found that the main original food item eelgrass had been substituted by wheat.This result implied that environmental pollution and wetland destruction might be responsible for the rapid decline of originam food supply to Whooper Swan.

Abstract:Scan sampling and focal sampling methods were used to determine the behavior development of the nestlings of Great Bustard (Otis tarda).The results indicated the proportion of resting and standing behavior is increase during their first 3 days,while the proportion of crouching and singing was decrease.The proportion of each behavior will be more similar with the juveniles as their growing,however,they do not show a rhythm obviously.The nestlings spend 51.7% of time resting,16.1% standing,18.8% walking,3.2% preening,and 6.1% winging.The nestlings take a higher percentage of their time to rest in the whole duration of growing,increase foraging and preening and reduce singing and crouching as their growing.

Abstract:The present paper deals with the urea lyses method for isolating spiders’ genomic DNAs.Compared to other two known methods,this method produced spider genomic DNAs with higher yields and higher integrity.It is also simpler and less time-consuming,involving only room temperature manipulations.High quality genomic DNAs were isolated from spider by this method.Certain spider dragline gene fragments,which contain highly repetitive sequences of high GC contents,were successfully PCR-amplified.

Abstract:The forecast model for population dynamics of Meriones unguiculatus and Cricetulus barabansis was built by using Markov chain, combining with optimization method (0.618) based on of population dynamics data of these two species that collected in Hohhot suburbs of Inner Mongolia from 1984 to 2004. And a forecast on the population dynamics of M. unguiculatus and C. barabansis in 2004 was made in this paper. The result showed that the forecast was corresponded to the field data accurately. The Markov model was applied to forecast the population dynamics of M. unguiculatus and C. barabansis for three years, from 2005 to 2007. The result showed that the model provided a handy, accurate and reliable method for the prediction on rodent population dynamics.

Abstract:The amphibian resources have not been surveyed in the Taohongling Sika Deer National Nature Reserve of Jiangxi Province in China since its establishment. In order to gather basic information and assess biodiversity status, three surveys on amphibian resources were conducted in the Taohongling Sika Deer National Nature Reserve from later April to early May, mid-August, 2005 and later-July, 2006. Nineteen amphibian species belonging to 2 orders and 7 families were recorded. Those amphibians accounted 48.72% of the total amphibian species recorded in the Jiangxi Province, China. Of them 16 species distribute to the Oriental Realm, 3 widespread distributed species and none of them belongs to Palearctic Realm. Among of the Oriental Realm species, there were 10 species found in both Central-China and South-China District, and 6 Central-China District species. The results indicate that the region is part of the Eastern Hill and Plain Sub-district, Central China District, Oriental Realm. Six amphibian species, Hyla chinensis, Hylarana adenopleura, H. latouchii, Odorrana schmackeri, Rhacophorus megacephalus, Microhyla heymonsi are the new record in the Northern Jiangxi Plain Region (Poyang Lake Area). Finally, the distribution and resources status of the amphibians in the nature reserve were analyzed.

Abstract:Muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis were isolated by digestion method,the cells were separated through homogenization,the primary cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum,and passage cultivation was carried out after trypsin (containing 0.02% EDTA) digestion.The cellular ultrastructure was observed by using transmission electron microscope,and the cultured cells were identified by multiplex PCR.The results showed that the primary cells began to adhere to the bottom of culture flask 24-72 hours after inoculation.The cell monolayer formed 7-8 days after culture,and distinct fusion among cells was not observed.Each passage could be completed within 10-12 d.The results of transmission electron microscopy showed that the cell nucleus of T.spiralis muscle larvae was elliptic.There were clear karyotheca,nucleolus and abundant chromatin in the nucleus,and plentiful mitochondria in the cytoplasm.There were mainly two types of cells:elliptic and polygonal cells,and most of them were elliptic.The DNA extracted from the cultured cells was amplified by multiplex PCR and the band (173 bp) was the same as the DNA from T.spiralis muscle larvae.The results show that the passage cultivation of T.spiralis muscle larval cells could be maintained in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum.

Abstract:The anatomy and microscopic structure of the central nervous system(CNS) of Neverita didyma are preliminarily described.The CNS includes paired cerebral ganglia,pedal ganglia,pleural ganglia,and unpaired visceral ganglion.Every ganglion is composed of a surrounding sheath,a cell body region and a neuropile region.The N.didyma has a short commissure between the left and right cerebral ganglia as well as the left and right pedal ganglia. A short connective between cerebral-pleural,cerebral-pedal or pleural-pedal ganglia is also observed.The distribution of neurons in pedal ganglia shows zonation obviously.

Abstract:This paper aims to investigate the effect of environmental factors such as temperature,pH and salinity on the activity of gill Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase in freshwater crayfish,Procambarus clarkii under special environmental factors acclimation or their acute changes.In this research,phosphorus content—Molybdenum blue spectrophotometric method has been applied to determine the gill Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase activity in P.clarkii.The result indicates that activity of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase varies in accordance to the fluctuations of environmental factors and acute effect of Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase was shown apparently in emergency conditions,which last for 2-8 h.The change became smooth afterwards and the finally activity was the same as the result in acclimate treatment.

Abstract:The resting metabolic rate (VO_{2 rest}) of Silurus meridionalis was measured under treatment of starvation and of maintain ration level (1.5% wt) during 15 d anaerobic exercise training (5 min chasing) and then following 5 d resting at 25℃.Two groups of fish either on fast or feeding at maintain ration level (1.5% wt) but without exercise training were treated as control.VO_{2 rest} of both feeding and fasting control groups were significant decreased during experiment (P<0.05).VO_{2 rest} of fasting training group was significantly increased after 4 to 15 days training (P<0.05) while VO_{2 rest} of feeding training group was relatively unchanged.VO_{2 rest} of both training groups were significantly decreased to the similar level of the control groups after 3 to 5 days without training.It suggested that VO_{2 rest} was increased after 4 to 7 days anaerobic exercise training.While the influence of training was eliminated after 3 to 5 days resting.It also suggested that training had more profound effect on VO_{2 rest} in fasting group than in feeding treatment.

Abstract:The urinary system is consisted of kidney,ureter and bladder in Triplophysa bleekeri.The head kidney is small in size.The kidney includes renal corpuscle,renal tubules and lymphoid tissue,and there is no differentiation between cortex and medulla.Morphologically,the renal tubule was differentiated into distinct segments:first and second proximal tubules and distal tubule,without cervical segment.There is evident difference in ureter’s organizational structure between forepart and rear-end.The bladder is in undeveloped tubular form.Two Stanniuse corpuscles are observed.

Abstract:The peripheral blood cells of Jaguar Guapote (Cichlasoma managuense) were morphologically described.On the stained smears of peripheral blood,erythrocyte,neutrophil,eosinophilic granulocyte,monocyte,lymphocyte and thrombocyte,were distinguished,but basophilic granulocyte was not found.In addition,some immature and dividing erythrocytes could be observed.Among these leucocytes,the thrombocyte was the smallest cell while neutrophil the largest; and the number of eosinophilic granulocyte was the least,while that of thrombocyte the most.

Abstract:Pellets from Short-eared Owls(Asio flammeus) were collected and analyzed for preyed remains during March-May 2006 in the Gaoping Airport of Nanchong and near pine forest. Small mammals are the main prey of Short-eared Owls (98.4% of the total frequency), in which 97.2% is Anourosorex squamipes in the 805 whole pellets and some pellet fragments.The roosting habits of Short-eared Owls were determined by the distribution of pellets from Short-eared Owls in the same time. The owl prefers to roost in the fields of Imperata cylindrical (about 20 cm high) than the taller, denser grass.

Abstract:Behaviors of three egrets were observed by using instantaneous scanning sampling method from January to March of 2004 at Beili Bay of Dongfang City,Hainan Island.In daytime Grey Heron always rest and stand on the mudflats,and seldom feeding.Little Egret prefer to feeding than standing,and Great Egret often stand,sometime feeding.The frequency of feeding for the three Egret is 40%－60% for Little Egret,20%－40% for Great Egret,and less than 0.1% for Grey Heron.The difference of feeding strategy of the three egrets was discussed in this paper.

Abstract:Species diversities and amount changes of birds in three seasons (Spring,Summer and Autumn) had been investigated in 2006 at Suganhu Lake wetland which is separated two parts,the large and small Suganhu Lake. Forty seven species belonging to 11 orders,20 families and 38 genera were observed with line transect method.Of these birds,32 species are breeders,10 species are passage migrants and only 5 species are residents.Twenty four species were observed in Spring,32 species in Summer and 30 species in Autumn.The diversity index of birds is at the maximum (3.089 1) in Autumn in the Large Suganhu Lake region.The bird diversity index is relatively lower in the Small Suganhu Lake region than the large lake at all three seasons.

Abstract:The component of bird community was recorded in 163 times survey,totally 654.4 hours,at the Temple of Heaven,Beijing from May 2003 to Dec.2006. A total of 130 species,belonging to 38 families of 13 orders,were recorded.The bird diversity is highest in May,lowest in August.However,the evenness index is highest in Winter and Spring,and lowest in Summer.Correspondingly,the dominance index is highest in summer and lowest in Spring.Compared with the bird list got in the 60s to 80s of last century,the dominant bird species has decreased to 3 species,i.e.Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus),Azure-winged Magpie (Cyanopica cyana) and Common Magpie (Pica pica).The seasonal change of bird component is correlated with the duration of bird migration and with the population size changes of resident-bird seasonally.A successfully breeding of Silky Starling (Sturnia sericeus) has been reported in this paper.

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Abstract:One living specimen of Oligodon catenata was collected from Guangdong Nankunshan Nature Reserve on 23 June 2007. This is a new record of snake species to Guangdong Province.This new record means that the distribution of O.catenata is likely to show a continuous pattern in China.

Abstract:The Rusty-throated Parrotbill (Paradoxornis przewalskii) is a rare endemic bird in China, there are only four records of its distribution, of them three were from 1886, the other record was from birdwatchers from 80s in Jiuzhaigou in Sichuan. There is no photo of this species ever been taken. On 28 July 2008, two photographers, Xi Zhinong and Dong Lei got clear photos of this endemic bird at Tangjiahe Natural Reserve in Sichuan. The habitat is fir forest with dense bamboo, and some other shrubs, at the altitude around 2 600 m.

Abstract:Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 is paid more attention by the human society because it has seriously influenced on the human life,farming,wild birds and ecological environments.It was found currently that AI viruses may affect human and other wild animals by the new subtype or with higher pathogenic through viruses recombination or mutation because people have this H5N1 receptors.AIV surveillance conducted around migratory birds habitats revealed that wetlands,lakes are most possibly the natural origin of AI disease because they may maintain the viruses and spread them through wild bird migration,on the country,these wetlands and their wild birds may therefore face the risk of HPAI.