[Objectives] The Lancang River, particularly its downstream Xishuangbanna section in Yunnan Province, represents one of China’s most biodiverse regions for freshwater fish. During several fish biodiversity surveys conducted by the Kunming Institute of Zoology (KIZ) in the Lancang River Basin in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, between 2015 and 2025, specimens of four newly recorded indigenous species and an exotic species were collected. [Methods] In this study, key diagnostic characteristics of the collected specimens were measured, and morphological characteristics were compared against relevant taxonomic literature. Specimens were taxonomically identified through comprehensive morphological analysis. [Results] In this article, the five newly recorded species are described, and morphological photos (Figs. 1﹣6) and data (Tables 1﹣4) for identification are provided. Based on the morphological evidence, the specimens of the four newly recorded indigenous species were identified as Pseudecheneis sympelvicus, Gyrinocheilus pennocki, Cosmochilus harmandi,and Labeo chrysophekadion, and the specimens of the newly recorded exotic species were identified as L. catla.[Conclusion] These five species are the first records in China.This study provides basic data for identification of fish species in the lower Lancang River Basin of China and a scientific basis for the investigation and conservation of fish resources in the Xishuangbanna area.