To explore the mechanism of immune regulation of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) in human decidual stromal cells,the expression of chemokine in early human decidual stromal cells after treatment with four different concentrations of TGF-β1 (0 ng/ml,1 ng/ml,5 ng/ml and 10 ng/ml) were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot.The results showed that high concentration of TGF-β1 significantly up-regulated the expression of chemokine ligand CX3CL1,CXCL12 and CXCL16,while down-regulated the expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 and CXCR6 at the mRNA and protein levels.This study suggests that TGF-β1 plays a significant role in regulating chemokine ligand/receptor expression and may participate in immune tolerance of maternal-fetal interface by chemokines.