From October 2012 to May 2015, we surveyed the population of Fran?ois′ Langurs (Trachypithecus francoisi) in and nearby Mayanghe National Nature Reserve in Guizhou Province, China. Our methodologies included direct counting of langur groups and individuals along rivers and roads and at their sleeping sites, survey of local people through questionnaires and interviews, as well as the incorporation of published and unpublished data. We located a total of 72 langur groups (including 2 groups outside of the nature reserve) including 47 groups confirmed by direct counts, 8 groups by sleeping sites observations, 9 groups by questionnaires and interviews of local people with sleeping sites observations, and 8 groups incorporated from published and unpublished data. Based on a mean group size of 7.7 ± 2.9 individuals (n = 25), we estimated the langur population at Mayanghe Reserve to be approximately 554 individuals. Specifically, 41 groups (315 individuals) were found in Liangqiao area, 16 groups (123 individuals) in Gongxikou area and 15 groups (116 individuals) in Wuchuan area. The Fran?ois langurs were recorded at the mid to downstream of the Mayanghe River area, Juchishan area, Lanzihe area, Hongduhe in Gongxikou area, north Wuchuan area, south Wuchuan area and a few places such as Chanxihe, Anxi, Liangqiao, and Yintongzi. Comparing this current study to the previous one (1988﹣1989), the number of groups varied from 12 to 14﹣18 at the mid to downstream of Mayanghe River area, 10 to 9﹣13 at Lanzihe area, and 16 to 8﹣11 at Juchishan area. The main distribution area of Fran?ois′ langurs was along three major rivers: Mayanghe River, Hongdu River and Lanzi River; especially along river banks and on cliffs where vegetation occurred. Furthermore, the majority of our sightings (67 group records or 93.1%) fell within a 1 500 m radius from the center of the nearest rivers or tributaries. Thus, to ensure the species survival in Mayanghe Reserve and to reduce human-langur conflict, we recommend improved protection and restoration of natural vegetation along river banks, especially in areas densely populated by humans.