To explore the effects of X-ray on mouse kidney tissue structure and function,96 mice were irradiated with different dosages (0,1,3,5Gy) of X-ray. At 5、10、15、20 d after irradiation, Changes of kidney weight were examination,kidney-histological structure was observed using bio-microscopy,and content of BUN、Cr in blood were detected by instrument analysis. The results showed that the kidney weight increased in varying degrees,and correlated with the dose,content of BUN、Cr in blood also increased in varying degrees(p<0.05orp<0.01),kidney-histological structure damaged obviously,glomerular was severe swelling；The proximal tubule,distal convoluted tubule epithelium was vacuolization, apoptosis,and necrosis,The tubule structure was disordered and bureaucratic structure could not distinguish. The phenomenon revealed that X-ray radiation seriously affected the tissue structure and function of the kidney.