In order to find out the relationship between biological diversity and the current status of the ecological environment to provide scientific references for sustainable development of nature reserve,the community characteristics of soil ciliates in Taitongshan Forest Park of Gansu Taitong-Kongtongshan national nature reserve were studied from August of 2007 to March of 2008.A total 104 species belonging to 49 genera of 38 families from 10 orders of 3 classes were identified,including 5 species unnamed and 6 new records in China.There are 53 species distributed in Pinus tabulaeformis forest, 59 in shrub Hippophae rhamnoides, 62 in shrub rose,40 in waste-slope land and 24 in farmland. Colpodida,Prostomatida and Hypotrichida were dominant orders; and Colpoda steini, Colpoda muscicola, Homalogastra setosa, Phacodinium metchnikoffi, Leptopharynx costatus, Cyclidium oblongum, C.elongatum, Cinetochilum margaritaceum, Colpoda inflata were dominant species.The Gleason-Margalef Species Diversity Index of these five different habitats was 6.06, 6.51, 6.80, 4.92 and 3.17,respectively.The results suggested that ciliate species diversities in forest,waste-slope land and farmland lower in turn. The disturbance of human activities resulted in the reduction of species diversity of soil ciliates and the simpleness of community structure of soil ciliates.