The Mesobuthus martensii is widely distributed in China. It is recorded by traditional Chinese Pharmacopoeia as a famous medicine. According to the situation in which the systematic study on this scorpion was weak, the morphology and structure of the scorpion species were studied in-depth level by this study. In this paper, we used scanning electron microscope, stereo microscope and anatomical method to systematically describe the morphology and structure features of M. martensii, and improve the basic data of the scorpion biological characteristics, especially for the structure of the respiratory system, reproductive system and venom: 1. the structure characteristics of median and lateral eyes, chelicerae, pedipalps and legs including auditory hair on legs (Fig. 1﹣4); 2. the morphological structure and function of sternite region including pectines with sensilla on it (Fig. 5﹣6); 3. distribution and morphology of book lung in situ and its anatomical structure of lung lamellae (Fig. 7); 4. the structure in details of venom vesicle and aculeus showing dissection of venom gland and the canals (Fig. 8). We explored the relationship between the different expression of different visual proteins, the different function of photoreceptor in scorpion evolution And investigated the sensing function of the tail in mating and predation defense.