| 杨志宏,刘志超,高忠燕,张显光,冯文,曹业萍.2023.丹顶鹤弃卵和正常卵卵壳超微结构及 化学元素含量的比较分析.动物学杂志,58(1):77-83. |
| 丹顶鹤弃卵和正常卵卵壳超微结构及 化学元素含量的比较分析 |
| Comparison of Ultrastructure and Element Content between Abandoned and Normal Eggshells of Grus japonensis |
| 投稿时间：2022-03-30 修订日期：2022-11-24 |
| DOI：10.13859/j.cjz.202301007 |
| 中文关键词: 丹顶鹤 卵壳 超微结构 化学元素含量 |
| 英文关键词:Grus japonensis Eggshell Ultrastructure Element content |
| 基金项目:黑龙江省自然科学基金项目（No. C2016059），齐齐哈尔市科技局项目（No. RKX-201605） |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 为研究繁殖丹顶鹤（Grus japonensis）弃卵原因，对其弃卵与正常卵壳超微结构及化学元素含量进行比较。以2014至2020年在扎龙保护区收集到丹顶鹤弃卵和正常孵化的卵各6枚为研究对象，利用电子扫描电镜观察比较其超微结构，采用电感偶合等离子体光谱仪测量其化学元素含量，并对其卵壳厚度和密度进行测量和比较。弃卵壳厚度、密度分别为正常卵壳厚度、密度的68.0%（P < 0.01）和71.5%（P < 0.01）；弃卵卵壳表面晶体层厚度不均，与栅栏层之间界限不明显，外表皮层有龟裂和条形两种裂纹，栅栏锥体层晶体中有微小球状中空结构和类似溶洞的腔室结构，壳膜层纤维表面的片状突起较少，这些结构均与正常卵壳不同。检测卵壳23种化学元素中，弃卵卵壳Ca、Na、P、Mg和K元素含量显著低于正常孵卵卵壳（P < 0.05）。从卵壳结构和元素分析，卵壳元素含量异常、结构和功能缺陷有可能是导致其亲鸟弃卵的原因之一，这与亲鸟占据生境资源情况、与其他鸟类间繁殖压力、食物可获得性和生存对策等交互作用的影响有关。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| [Objectives] Abandoning eggs after nesting was a rare biological phenomenon for breeding Red-crowned Cranes (Grus japonensis), but it does occur occasionally. So far, it was unknown whether the parents of Red-crowned Cranes abandon eggs due to internal or external disturbances. Egg was the reproductive unit and the starting point of growth and development of birds. The important role of eggshells should be to bear the weight of hatching parents, to exchange gas with the outside world, to prevent excessive loss of water in eggs, to protect embryonic development, and to form organs and tissues such as bones. By comparing the differences of ultrastructure and element content between abandoned and normal eggshells, we explored the reasons why G. japonensis abandon eggs, and hoped to provide a reference for the protection of Red-crowned Crane and the formulation of corresponding protection strategies. [Methods] From 2014 to 2020, 6 abandoned eggs and 6 normal hatching eggs of breeding G. japonensis were collected in Zhalong National Nature Reserve, Heilongjiang Province. We studied the eggshells ultrastructure, element content, the thickness and density. The ultrastructural differences were compared by scanning electron microscopy (Hitachi X-650, Japan), the element content was measured by inductively couple plasma spectrometry (Agilent 7500, USA), the thickness was measured by electronic micrometer (Mitutoyo 422-230/0﹣25 mm, Japan, ± 0.003 mm), the mass of eggshell samples was weighed by electronic balance (Sartorius BSA124S, Germany, ± 0.1 g)，and the density was measured by drainage method. The data were analyzed using SPSS (16.0 version). The thickness, density and element content of eggshells between abandoned and normal eggs were compared by t-test (Independent-samples). The thickness of surface layer of crystal, palisade layer, cone layer and shell membrane in the ultrastructure of the eggshell were compared between two groups respectively. All results were expressed as Mean ± SD, and P < 0.05 was taken to be statistically significant. [Results] The thickness and density of abandoned eggshell were 68.0% (P < 0.01) and 71.5% (P < 0.01) of normal eggshell respectively (Table 1). The thickness of the surface layer of crystal, palisade cone layer and eggshell membrane accounted for 5.5%, 86.9% and 7.6% in the normal eggshell, and the thickness of the surface layer of crystal, palisade cone layer and eggshell membrane accounted for 3.9%, 85.9% and 10.2% in the discarded eggshell respectively (Table 2). The ultrastructure of abandoned eggshell was different from normal eggshell, including uneven thickness of the surface crystal layer, no obvious boundary between the surface crystal layer and the palisade layer, cracks and strip cracks in the outer layer, tiny spherical hollow structures and cavity structures similar to karst cave in the cone layer of the fence, and fewer sheet-like protrusions on the surface of shell membrane fiber in the abandoned eggshell (Fig. 1). Among the 23 elements were measured, the contents of Ca, Na, P, Mg and K in abandoned eggshells were significantly lower than in normal eggshells (P < 0.05), and there were no significant differences in the contents of Fe, Zn, Cu, Sr, Ag, Ni, Ba, Cr, Mn, Bi, As, B, Ga, Mo, V, Co, Ti and Sc (P > 0.05) (Table 3). [Conclusion] From the analysis of eggshell structure and elements, the abnormal contents of eggshell elements, structural and functional defects may be one of the reasons for egg abandonment by their parents, which may be related to the interactions of habitat resources occupied by themselves, reproductive pressure with other birds, food availability and survival strategies. |
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