| 黄尚,史大伟,吴永涛,侯建华,曹飞,孟凡娟.2022.机场周边家鸽飞行行为的潜在鸟击风险初步研究.动物学杂志,57(6):821-835. |
| 机场周边家鸽飞行行为的潜在鸟击风险初步研究 |
| The Preliminary Study on the Potential Bird Strike Risk due to Flight Behavior of Domestic Pigeon around Airports |
| 投稿时间：2022-02-28 修订日期：2022-11-23 |
| DOI：10.13859/j.cjz.202206003 |
| 中文关键词: 家鸽 飞行行为 鸟击风险防控 卫星追踪 遥测技术 |
| 英文关键词:Domestic Pigeon Flight behavior Bird strike risk mitigating Satellite tracking Telemetry |
| 基金项目:中国科学院科研仪器设备研制项目（No. YJKYYQ20180050），中国科学院生态环境研究中心自主部署项目（No. RCEES-NLJS-2019-06），国家自然科学基金项目（No. 31870369） |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 鸟击防控是一个世界性难题。家鸽（Columba livia domestica）是机场生物多样性调查中最常见鸟类，也是历史上鸟击高危物种之一，还是唯一由于人工大量放飞导致严重鸟击事故的物种。2020年9月至2021年1月，在我国4个机场，针对机场周边23家鸽户，共149只家鸽开展卫星追踪放飞实验研究，获得了家鸽个体在机场周边的飞行时间、飞行距离、飞行高度等个体运动参数。研究发现，1）单次放飞时长多在1 ~ 4 h，单次平均放飞时长为（2.9 ± 1.6）h。在鸽户自主放飞家鸽和家鸽自由回笼的动态过程中，下午活动在外的家鸽数量较多，尤其15:00 ~ 17:59时段是活动在外家鸽数量最多的时段。2）飞行距离多在3.0 km范围内，最远可达8.9 km；存在家鸽飞行范围覆盖机场现象的鸽户占比45%。3）飞行高度主要在200 m及以下，平均飞行高度为（29 ± 28）m。本研究结果表明，下午，尤其是15:00 ~ 17:59时段应作为家鸽防控的重点时段，机场周边10 km以及高度0 ~ 200 m的范围应作为家鸽防控的重点空间范围。根据《中华人民共和国民用航空法（2021修正）》第五十八条明确规定“不得饲养、放飞影响飞行安全的鸟类动物和其他物体”，需要建立相应的问责机制、加强有效监管，以降低家鸽鸟击风险。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| [Objectives] Mitigating bird strike is a worldwide challenge. The Domestic Pigeon (Columba livia domestica) is the most common bird in airport biodiversity surveys, and is one of the historically high-risk species for bird strikes. It is also the only species that has caused serious bird strikes due to manual release in large numbers. [Methods] From September 2020 to January 2021, we conducted 272 satellite tracking experiments for 681 hours on 149 pigeons (distance from the airport was 0.2﹣9.1 km, with an average of 1.2 km) from 23 households around 4 airports to observe individual flight behaviors (Appendix 1). The specific data of flight period, flight distance and flight height were obtained, and the potential bird strike risk of flight behavior was analyzed, so as to provide a reference for the airport to mitigate the bird strike risk of domestic pigeons. [Results] A single release of pigeons for 1﹣4 h accounted for 78%, 0﹣1 h accounted for 8%, and more than 4 h accounted for 14%. The average flight period is 2.9 ± 1.6 h, the shortest flight period is only 20 min, and the longest flight period is 9 h (Fig. 2). The flight of pigeons from 6:00 to 8:59 accounted for 16%, 9:00 to 11:59 accounted for 24%, 12:00 to 14:59 accounted for 26%, 15:00 to 17:59 accounted for 28%, and 18:00 to 20:59 accounted for 6%. In the dynamic process of free release and return of pigeons, the number of pigeons flying in the afternoon is more than that in the morning, especially from 15:00 to 17:59, when the number of pigeons flying is the largest (Fig. 3). The flight distance of domestic pigeons is usually within 3.0 km, up to 8.9 km. Among the four airports, the flight distance of domestic pigeons tracked in Airport A was mostly between 0.3 and 0.6 km, and up to 4.1 km. The flight distance of pigeons tracked by Airport B is usually between 0.4 km and 3.0 km, up to 8.9 km. The flight distance of pigeons tracked in Airport C was mostly between 0.3 and 0.6 km, and up to 5.2 km. The flight distance of pigeons tracked in Airport D was mostly between 0.1 and 0.6 km, and up to 3.4 km. The flight range of pigeons from 45% of the households overlapped with the airport. Among the four airports, Airport A was not overlapped with the flight range. In Airport B, the flight range of pigeons from 67% of households overlapped with the airport. In Airport C, the ratio of households is 50%, and in Airport D is 45% (Appendix 2). The flight height of 99% of the pigeons was at or below 200 m, and only 1% was above 200 m. Among the four airports, the flight height of 80% of the pigeons near Airport A was 0﹣100 m, while the flight height of most of the pigeons near Airport B (90%), Airport C (89%) and Airport D (89%) was 0﹣50 m. The average flight height of domestic pigeons was 29 ± 28 m (Fig. 4). [Conclusion] The results showed that, the time period in the afternoon, especially from 15:00 to 17:59, should be taken as the key time period of domestic pigeon prevention. And, the area of 10 km around the airport and the height from 0 to 200 m should be taken as the key space range of domestic pigeon prevention. According to Article 58 of the Civil Aviation Law of the People's Republic of China (2021 Amendment), it is clearly stipulated that "birds and other objects that affect flight safety shall not be kept or released". It is necessary to establish corresponding accountability mechanisms and strengthen effective supervision to mitigate the risk of domestic pigeon bird strike. |
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